What trees do well in clay soil
Best trees for clay soil: 11 varieties for every garden
(Image credit: Getty Images )
Knowing the best trees for clay soil is important if you have heavy, clay soil in your garden. Having this type of soil can be a big challenge when it comes to gardening as it is hard to work and has poor drainage which can prevent many plants from thriving. Clay soil also warms slower than sandy soils – and can be hard for roots to penetrate.
If you're looking to bring height, structure and year-round interest to your garden ideas then trees are a brilliant addition which will make a lasting feature decades to come and there are plenty of beautiful options available suited to clay soils – we've gathered a selection below with help from some of the experts.
Best trees for clay soil
Despite these drawbacks, clay soils are often nutrient rich and can be advantageous to certain kinds of plants and trees.
‘Clay soils hold an ample supply of moisture which makes them perfect for some trees and shrubs that require high moisture tables to thrive,’ explains Tammy Sons, CEO of Tennessee Nursery .
1. Crab apple
(Image credit: Getty Images / whitemay)
The crab apple or 'Malus' is one of the best trees to grow in clay soils as it offers interest throughout the year – and is also a great pollinator. In spring, this beautiful tree is covered in a profusion of white blossom with green foliage in summer.
In fall, they bear fruits which are beautifully decorative and can range from glossy red to pink-flushed orange to yellow. Due to its high levels of pectin – most commonly used to thicken jams, jellies, and preserves – the fruits are often used to make Malus ‘Jelly King'.
They are compact trees only growing to a mature height and spread of around 13ft, so are perfect for smaller gardens. They thrive in full sun with moist soil that is well-drained.
Fruit trees require a fertile, nutrient rich soil that retains moisture, so they are best matched to heavy clay soils. Whilst some have the tendency to be tricky to work with, clay soils are highly beneficial when it comes to producing thriving fruit trees,' explains Marcus Eyles, horticultural director of Dobbies .
2. Alder
(Image credit: getty Images / annick vanderschelden photography)
Alder – or Alnus glutinosa – grow vigorously in cool, wet conditions and are often found by rivers and lakes making them a good choice for sites with poor drainage.
‘In the Pacific Northwest where there is clay soil, we also usually have drainage issues due to all of the rain we get here. A good choice for these types of environments, rain and clay soils, are Alders,’ says Lisa Tadewaldt of Urban Forest Professionals .
‘Two great choices are White Alder Alnus rhombifolia or Red Alder Alnus rubra. The toughness of these trees is really the primary reason to plant them.’
Alders have racquet-shaped, leathery dark green leaves with serrated edges and put on a beautiful display of catkins between February and April. Alders are monoecious so have both male and female catkins on the same tree. The female catkins turn into tiny cones during the fall season.
3.
Sorbus Commixta (Image credit: Leonie Lambert / Alamy )
Sorbus, also known as Japanese Rowan trees, are a brilliant choice for fall color due to their ash-like foliage which turns from green to a dazzling array of orange and red. They also have blossom flowers in spring, and fruit in fall, so therefore offer plenty of ornamental interest throughout the year.
Growing to around 25-40ft, Sorbus are deciduous trees which are hardy in the UK and can be grown in North America in zones 5-9. They require pruning in the dormant season to create a strong structure to support their fruit.
4. Birch
(Image credit: Anna Stowe Botanica / Alamy )
Birch trees or betula are beloved for their snowy white peeling bark which makes a beautiful feature during the winter months, as well as their elegant form and attractive foliage which turns from mid-green to yellow in fall.
‘This tree can grow in a variety of conditions and is tolerant of heavy moisture, meaning it’s ideal for soils with high clay,’ says Marcus Eyles, horticultural director at Dobbies .
Betula utilis jacquemontii or the 'Snow Queen' birch is a slender specimen which will grow to around 22ft tall making it a good choice for small garden ideas. Plus, this specimen requires minimal pruning.
5. Cornus Kousa
(Image credit: Getty Images)
Also known as Japanese Dogwood, this abundant semi-evergreen tree offers year-round interest with flowers, fruits – and beautiful red leaves in fall. Come June, it features four-petalled creamy white flower bracts which turn pink over time and come fall it bears pink strawberry-like fruits.
It can be planted in all soils but prefers a position that is moist but well-drained in full sun or part shade. It is suited to growing zones 5-8.
6. Magnolia x Soulangeana
(Image credit: Nigel Cattlin / Alamy)
A spring show-stopper, this deciduous tree, also known as the Saucer or Chinese Magnolia, has large tulip-shaped flowers in late spring, these are white with a pink tinge at the base and can be scented.
Its obovate leaves are glossy green, but they start of red in spring before turning to yellow in fall.
The Saucer Magnolia grows to a height of 20ft–30ft tall with a 25ft spread and prefers moist but well-drained soil. In North America it is suitable for growing zones 4-9.
Heavy pruning can cause shock; remove damaged or overcrowded branches or prune to shape in late summer early fall.
7. Amelanchier
(Image credit: Getty Images / Massimiliano Finzi )
Also known as the Snowy Mespilus, or Juneberry tree, the Amelanchier is a good, hardy tree for growing in poor conditions.
‘The amelanchier is a great tree for clay soil and is known for its clusters of white blooms in spring and splendid fall color,’ advises Marcus Eyles, horticultural director at Dobbies . ‘This tree thrives in moist soil so is perfect for planting in heavier, clay soils that take longer to warm up, and will add drama and interest to your garden year-round.’
Offering plenty of interest from season to season, Amelanchier has bronze tinged foliage in spring, turning to green in summer and to orange-red in fall, it also bears a star-shaped flowers in spring followed by berries that ripen in summer and turn from dark red to purple black.
It can tolerate part shade but will flower best in full sun. Amelanchier needs minimal pruning; damaged and criss-crossing branches can be removed in fall or early spring. It will reach a mature height and spread of 15-25ft.
8. Japanese Red Maple
(Image credit: Marianne Majerus)
Japanese maples – or acer palmatum – are small deciduous trees that bring magnificent fall color. They make brilliant specimen trees planted singularly and are slow growing, reaching mature heights of 15–25ft with a spread of around 20ft, making them a good choice for your courtyard garden ideas.
They prefer a sheltered spot – and variegated varieties will need partial shade as full sun can scorch the leaves. They are hardy in Europe and in North America are suited to growing zones 5-8.
9. Holly
(Image credit: Getty Images/ Danielle D. Hughson)
‘If you’re looking to add a touch of festive greenery to your garden with clay soil, consider trees like the Crataegus, known as the Hawthorn, or the Ilex, more commonly known as the Holly tree,’ suggests Marcus Eyles, horticultural director at Dobbies .
‘These seasonal trees will add warmth to your winter garden ideas with their ruby red berries, and they are tolerant of heavy moisture, making them ideal for clay soils.’
The glossy evergreen leaves of hollies will bring color year-round; for added interest consider variegated varieties such as 'Golden King' which has an RHS Award of Garden Merit. Another benefit of Hollies is that they are able to tolerate exposed, coastal sites – provided they have ample sun. Size can vary between varieties so be sure to do your research.
10. Cotoneaster
(Image credit: Alamy / Avalon.Red)
Cotoneasters range from ground cover plants to wall or border shrubs through to larger trees with long weeping branches with a dome-like habit such as 'Cotoneaster x Watereri' or 'Cornubia' which can grow to around 18ft.
Cotoneasters will provide year-round interest and are an excellent choice for wildlife gardens. Their dark leaves are great foil to clusters of white spring blossom which keeps the bees and insects happy, while their copious berries are a good source of food for birds throughout fall and winter.
Berries can range in color from yellow through to red and purple.
One of the advantages of Cotoneaster trees is that they can tolerate any soil type and can be grown in all positions, even in rough, coastal areas. They are fully hardy in Europe and in America and are suited to growing zones 6A-9B. Pruning is not required but they can tolerate harsh pruning if reshaping is needed.
11. Laburnum
(Image credit: Getty Images / Pietro triglia )
Also known as the ‘Golden Chain’ tree due to its beautiful trails of golden yellow flowers, Laburnum is a small deciduous tree that can be grown alone or trained around arbors.
Fantastically, it is quick growing and low maintenance as it does not require pruning. You can simply tidy it up and remove damaged branches during the dormant period. Laburnums will flower better in full sun but can tolerate some shade and will not do well in the heat or waterlogged soils. They are hardy in the UK and are suited to USDA planting zones 5-7.
Be area that Laburnum is highly toxic to humans and animal. We recommend that you do not plant this variety near children and pets – and gloves should be worn when handling.
Planting trees in clay soil
When planting trees in clay soil there are some steps you can take in order to help them establish.
'Horbeam, hawthorn and birch are medium to large trees well suited for heavy clay soils. That being said, no newly planted tree will thrive in waterlogged conditions therefore it’s essential to prepare the tree pit carefully,’ says landscape designer Henry Scott of Pehrsson Scott .
‘Breaking and forking the base of the pit will allow the roots to penetrate the soil and adding a good amount of grit to the base of it will mitigate against water pooling.’
You can also look to improving the soil prior to planting, as Marcus Eyles, horticultural director of Dobbies explains.
‘To get the most out of your clay soil use a peat free mature plant compost (John Innes No.
3) and mulch with Bloomin Amazing, or Dobbies peat-free soil improver. When planting with heavier clay soils add horticultural grit to the base of the planting hole to help open up the soil and improve drainage.'
Pippa is Content Editor on Homes & Gardens online contributing to Period Living and Country Homes & Interiors print issues. A graduate of Art History and formerly Style Editor at Period Living, she is passionate about architecture, creating decorating content, interior styling and writing about craft and historic homes. She enjoys searching out beautiful images and the latest trends to share with the Homes & Gardens audience. A keen gardener, when she’s not writing you’ll find her growing flowers on her village allotment for styling projects.
15 Trees For Wet Clay Soil That Are Great For Landscaping
When it comes to a clay-filled landscape, you may feel a little limited in the plants and trees you can plant.
You cannot simply throw in some nursery-grown plants into the soil and expect them to flourish. It takes a little bit of tender loving care to get them established. Over time, they will acclimate to their new home.
We know how important and rewarding it is to have a tree-filled landscape! So, if you have an area full of clay and are wondering what you can plant, look no further. We compiled a list of 15 trees that perform well in wet clay soil. So, without further ado, let's get into it!
1. Alder
Alder trees are fast-growing deciduous trees that belong to the birch family. There is a handful of alder tree varieties, each one having slightly different characteristics. Overall, their leaves are simple, alternate, and serrated. Each tree has both male and female flowers, called catkins. Incredibly, depending on the variety, the alder tree can reach between 10 and 120 feet in height. Its Latin name is Alnus.
These types of trees can naturally harness nitrogen, allowing them to grow in areas with less fertile soil (like clay).
It thrives anywhere with damp grounds. Once the tree's roots have been established, it can survive some drought.
Future Shade Trees
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Due to their fast growth, alder trees can become great shade trees in no time. Planting them in a group will ensure that there will be adequate shade.
2. Willow
Willow trees look whimsical in any landscape. The tree features long, sweeping branches with silvery green leaves extending from them. It can reach a height between 30 and 40 feet with an equally wide canopy. Their limbs are rather fragile, so if there are heavy winds, they're susceptible to breakage. Its Latin name is Salix.
Willows do well in USDA plant hardiness zones 4 through 9. Full sun to partial shade is appropriate for its growth and health.
Its root system is shallow yet large, so keep that in mind. The willow does best when it's located in soil that's kept evenly moist. During periods of drought, ensure that the tree receives a sufficient amount of water.
Dreamy Aesthetic
Willow trees are simply magical in the landscape and have a great way of lightening up the overall feel of the area.
2 Live Plants
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3. Cypress
The cypress tree is a conifer that features short, feathery green needles. In the fall, the needles turn red or brown then drop. Its bark is reddish-brown and rough. The trees can reach an astounding 70 feet in height, so plan accordingly. Its Latin name is Taxodium.
While cypress trees are native to southern climates, they're adaptable in many other climates. Cypress trees can grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 4 through 10. These types of trees are very suitable for wet areas. Light sandy or loamy soil is ideal. Cypress trees perform best in full sun but can tolerate partial shade.
Tree Tunnel
Tree tunnels are a beautiful phenomenon that creates a cozy, intriguing, and safe feeling. The canopies overhead enclose the area and encourage wonder.
4. River Birch
The river birch grows relatively quickly, helping it rise in popularity. Its bark is unique with its curling appearance. The somewhat triangular leaves are glossy and green with a length between 2 and 3 inches. The typical height for river birch trees is between 40 and 70 feet in height. Its Latin name is Betula nigra.
As the name suggests, they naturally grow in wet areas. They're used to heavy, wet soils but can adapt to other types. River birch trees are hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 4 through 9. Full sun is ideal, but they can tolerate partial shade.
Water Companion
If you have an area in your landscape with water nearby, your river birch would love to be there.
Live 2-3 Foot Tall Tree
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5.
PoplarAt maturity, the deciduous poplar tree can reach a height between 30 and 40 feet. Amazingly, it can grow up to 8 feet each year. Its triangular leaves are silvery green and measure between 3 and 6 inches long and 4 and 5 inches wide. Its Latin name is Populus.
This type of tree should receive at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day. The poplar tree is hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 3 through 9. The soil could be acidic or alkaline as well as moist.
Sentinel Trees
If you have plenty of space and sunlight, grow some mighty polar trees in rows for strong visual impact.
6. Black Maple
At maturity, the deciduous black maple can reach a height between 60 and 80 feet. You'll definitely enjoy fall color with this tree's leaves. The bark can be grayish brown or grayish black. The leaves are 3-lobed and 4 to 6 inches long and wide. Its Latin name is Acer nigrum.
The black maple can grow in a wide variety of soil conditions, but most commonly in moist soils.
Plant this maple in a spot that receives full sunlight. You can tap this tree to create syrup from its sap!
Vibrant Foliage
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The black maple is a showstopper with its gorgeous vibrant foliage that's full of rich color from springtime to fall.
7. Serviceberry
The serviceberry tree shows off for 3 full seasons: snow white flowers in the spring, bright edible berries in the summer, and fiery colors in the fall. There are a few varieties of this tree, meaning their heights range from 4 feet to 40 feet. Its Latin name is Amelanchier.
Serviceberry trees perform best in full sun and moist, well-draining, slightly acidic soils. The tree is hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 4 through 8, and even down to zone 2 sometimes.
Seasonal Intrigue
Springtime will definitely have this tree showing off its beautiful white flowers. Enjoy all the seasonal colors it provides.
8. American Hornbeam
The deciduous American hornbeam tree has a show of color on its leaves. The new leaves begin as a reddish-purple color, transition to deep green, then finish out in the fall with yellow and orangeish-red. At maturity, it reaches 20 to 30 feet in both height and width. Its Latin name is Carpinus caroliniana.
It's hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 3 through 9. While this tree performs best in full sun, it can tolerate some partial shade or even full shade areas. It does well in moist soils that are well-draining.
Lined Walkway
American hornbeams make an excellent choice for lining walkways.
9. Northern Catalpa
If you want a showy tree, look no further. The northern catalpa features white, showy flowers, large heart-shaped leaves, and a twisting trunk and branches.
At maturity, this tree reaches between 40 and 60 feet in height. Its Latin name is Catalpa speciosa.
This tree is hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 4 through 8. Both full sun and partial shade are appropriate for this tree's health. It can thrive in just about any type of soil, too.
Showy Features
If you want a showy tree in your landscape, check out what this pair of northern catalpas can do.
Northern Catalpa Seedling
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10. Common Hackberry
The large, deciduous common hackberry features a beautiful light-colored wood with unique asymmetrical leaves. At maturity, this tree reaches a height between 30 and 50 feet. If you want a hardy tree, give this one a shot. Its Latin name is Celtis occidentalis.
The hackberry is hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 3 through 9. This tree prefers to grow in full sun, getting at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day. It can grow in any type of soil and can even tolerate some drought and flooding conditions.
Tough Tree
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This tough, hardy tree will do wonders for your landscape, lasting for many years to come.
11. Green Ash
The green ash makes for an excellent shade tree. At maturity, the green ash can reach a height between 50 and 60 feet with a spread around 25 feet. Its compound leaves measure 6 to 9 inches in length. They're shiny green then turn yellow in the fall. Its Latin name is Fraxinus pennsylvanica.
This tree prefers full sun and can withstand a plethora of soil conditions but it does prefer wet conditions. The green ash is hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 2 through 9.
Shaded Yard
Consider the green ash to meet all your shaded yard dreams.
12. Sycamore
The sycamore tree has an interesting camouflage pattern on its bark.
The gray and brown bark can peel off to reveal light grey or white wood underneath. These trees are massive, reaching heights between 75 and 100 feet. Its Latin name is Platanus occidentalis.
Sycamore trees prefer nutrient-rich soil that's moist and well-draining. It's hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 4 through 9. It does well in full sun to partial shade.
Single Stunner
Planting just one sycamore tree in your landscape can still turn quite a few heads.
13. Swamp White Oak
The swamp white all tree features interesting peeling bark with lustrous lobed leaves that are two-toned. You'll enjoy a wealth of fall color from this tree. At maturity, it can reach both height and width between 50 and 60 feet. Its Latin name is Quercus bicolor.
This tree prefers soil that's well-draining, slightly acidic, and moist. It's hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 3 through 8. Plant the tree in a spot that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day.
Healthy Appearance
As you can see, this type of tree looks great and shows off nice color and texture.
14. American Arborvitae
This lovely evergreen tree has a narrow, pyramid shape. They're tall, elegant, and provide lush green color to the landscape. It can grow to a height between 40 and 60 feet with a spread between 10 and 15 feet. Its Latin name is Thuja occidentalis.
The American arborvitae is hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 3 through 7. Ideally, it should get full sun exposure. It grows well in virtually any type of soil.
Privacy Screen
Planting a row of American arborvitae is a great way to create a nice, natural privacy screen.
5 Live Trees, 2-Inch Pot
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15. Lacebark Elm
The bark of a lacebark elm looks mottled, giving it a unique look. Its leaves are dark green and glossy, with a length of up to 2 inches. Enjoy the fall colors that it will show off.
At maturity, the lacebark elm can reach a height between 40 and 50 feet and spread between 35 and 45 feet. Its Latin name is Ulmus parvifolia.
The lacebark elm is hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 5 through 9. It does well in either full sun or partial shade and can grow in any type of soil.
Ornamental Value
The growth and aesthetic of the lacebark elm can very well be used in the landscape as an ornamental feature.
Before you go, make sure to check out these other great garden guides:
8 Fastest Growing Pine Trees For Landscaping
16 Fast-Growing Evergreen Shade Trees
Clay soil: what to plant | Spring autumn
The composition of the soil directly affects the growth and development of plants, the quality of the crop, the life span of trees and shrubs. Clay soil is heavy and few plants will thrive in this area. What vegetables grow on clay soil and how to improve its composition?
A handful of earth is taken from the pits along the diagonal of the plot, mixed thoroughly, then moistened with water and kneaded to a doughy state.
Do not knead "dough" from sandy soil. A cord about 3 mm thick is rolled up on the palm of the resulting mass and laid in a figure eight. If the cord does not crumble, then the soil is heavy clay, if the ring bends, but the figure eight does not form, the soil is clayey, if the ring cracks at the bend, it is loamy.
Clay or loamy soils are fertilized with rotted manure (2-3 kg per 0.5 m2) or compost (2.5-3 kg), and sawdust (1-2 kg/m2) is added to increase friability. After the earth is dug up.
To increase moisture retention and enrichment with organic matter, light sandy loamy soils are also filled with manure, compost, or sown with legumes for 1-2 years, the mass of which is then mowed and buried. To increase the content of clay in the soil, which retains moisture well, 4-5 kg of pond silt per 0.5 m2 is applied to the site.
Chestnut and brown soils are quite rich in nutrients (the former are somewhat more fertile), but the lack of moisture weakens the yield.
Conservation of water and proper soil moisture is one of the conditions for increasing fertility.
Clay soil must be prepared correctly, and then only plants are planted on it. First, fruit trees, seedlings of ornamental plants and shrubs are planted, then strawberries and garden crops, and last ornamental plants.
In order for the preparation to be successful and the necessary fertilizers to be applied, it is important to know the acidity of the soil. Then it will become clear what to plant on clay soil?
Soil composition and improvement
Healthy soil quality is essential for optimal plant growth. The quality soil in your garden is what gives the roots the nutrients they need. Improving soil quality will not happen overnight, it will happen gradually if the right steps are taken.
Soil quality tests
Soil testing will determine its nutrient content and pH level. Excess or lack of nutrients will only harm the plants. The correct amount is essential for optimal plant growth.
You can test the soil using the following methods:
Clay soil improvement
Despite its hardness, clay soil is able to retain fertility and water. However, the clay particles are hard enough to remove any porous space, preventing water from running off and roots from organically breaking through. Clay soil is usually substantially dry and may crack in summer.
Gypsum is a source of calcium, which binds soil organic matter to clay, giving stability to soil aggregates. Adding gypsum to the soil can improve its quality by flocculating (small clods), but this will only have an effect if there is already a significant amount of loose organic matter in the composition.
After improvement, many gardeners ask themselves questions - what flowers grow in clay soil, what else can be planted in such soil?
Fertilizer must be applied before planting.
Organic materials
The most effective approach to enriching the soil with nutrients is to have a supply of compost on hand.
Peat, leaves, mulch, manure, moss and similar nutrient-rich organic materials are ideal for composting. Organic material creates the presence of earthworms that prevent soil compaction.
Nutrient-rich organic material types that are great for composting:
-
Manure.
-
Peat.
- Kitchen waste: coffee grounds, egg shells, vegetables, fruit peels.
- Grass clippings.
- Mulched twigs and branches.
- sawdust.
- Fish meat.
- Pine needles and leaves.
Always be careful when spreading manure. Although pathogens are not often found in manure from small farms and home gardens, they can predominate in manure from large indoor livestock farms, in any case, a minimum of three months should be allowed between manure application and the collection of any leafy vegetables or root vegetables.
Which plants grow on clay soil
On clay soil, with the right approach, you can grow anything, it is important to properly care for it.
Vegetable crops that grow well in clay soil:
-
Tomatoes.
- Cucumbers.
- Pepper.
- Salads.
- Cabbage.
But eggplant does not grow well in clay. They need good preparation and application of compost and peat.
What flowers grow on clay
But the bulbous do not like heavy garden soil, it is difficult for them to grow through it.
Fruit trees that can grow on clay:
-
Apple trees.
- Pears.
- Apricots.
They do not like clay soil and peaches do not grow well on it. The rest of the fruit trees will grow well when fertilized.
Shrubs grow well on heavy soil - gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries, blackberries, all types of currants and other hybrids.
Irga does not tolerate heavy soil.
Ornamental trees that grow in clay soils:
-
All kinds of conifers.
- Cypresses.
- Maples, birches.
- Willows, but they need abundant watering.
To increase fertility, labor is invested in earthworks and the mechanical composition of the soil or the ratio of sand and clay is changed. The more clay, the worse the earth crumbles, allows moisture to pass through, the microflora does not develop. Soils with a high specific gravity of sand, on the contrary, do not retain the introduced moisture well and fertilizers, especially mineral fertilizers, easily crumble.
Woody plants for heavy clay soil
Many crops can be grown on damp, marshy soils. Trees are the hardest to tame. It seems to have taken root, it grows and pleases. But suddenly, for no reason at all, it starts to dry, shed its leaves, and after winter it disappears completely. The reason is that the roots have reached the dead gley layer with stagnant water. Most garden trees will not grow in these conditions, so you can only afford a very limited selection of species.
On soils with short-term waterlogging, where there is no long-term moisture stagnation, and, accordingly, a dead gley layer, many trees and shrubs adapt well. When choosing trees, it is important to correctly assess the ecological features of the breed - frost resistance, shade tolerance, exactingness in soil fertility and acidity.
Coniferous
- Spruce could justifiably become a symbol of the North-West - it is so frost-resistant and unpretentious to growing conditions. Almost all spruces grow in waterlogged conditions, but not all of its cultivars. The varietal variety of fir trees for ornamental gardening is great, and if you solve the problem of stagnant water, then almost any Christmas tree will become a welcome guest in your garden. On heavy, moist clay soil, it will not develop as luxuriously as on fertile land. But this factor can be turned into a plus by getting a compact plant shape. (More about spruce)
- Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) - undemanding to soils, grows successfully on calcareous, podzolic soils, chernozems, better - on loams, poorly - on sands.
The soil mixture consists of leafy soil, peat and sand (3:2:1). Drainage only on heavy clays: broken brick with a layer of 20 cm. European larch (L. decidua) and Japanese larch (L. Kaempferi) have many compact decorative forms that are absolutely stable in our climatic conditions. (More about larch) - Juniperus (Juniperus) - generally not demanding on fertility, but requires drainage and does not respond well to soil compaction. On heavy clays, the soil thaws late, and unfavorable conditions are created that contribute to the spring “burning”. It may not happen in the first or second year, but it will happen. Deciding to plant junipers in such conditions, you need to take care of shading your pets from the scorching spring sun. (More about juniper)
- Fir (Abies) - all firs are demanding on the richness, moisture and drainage of the soil. On damp soils forms a superficial root system. Drainage is required on heavy soils. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) - up to 8 m high, grows very slowly, frost-resistant and shade-tolerant.
Needles with two blue stripes. Prefers acidic soils. It has a dwarf form 'Nana' up to 50 cm high. Korean fir (Abies koreana) is a slow-growing tree up to 10 m high. The needles are bright green, whitish below. Violet cones are very decorative, which appear already on young plants. The soil likes acidic, but quite fertile. Varieties and cultivars are very decorative. Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) is the most famous representative of the genus, winter-hardy, shade-tolerant, starts growing early in spring and can be damaged by late spring frosts. (More about fir) - Pine (Pinus). Although pines are more associated with dunes and dry forests, some of them still do not disdain wet soils and even swamps. Weymouth mountain pine (Pinus monticola) is a tree up to 30 m high, prefers damp open places. The needles are bluish-green with long needles. Cones adorn the tree due to their large size. Siberian cedar pine (Pinus sibirica) is very decorative due to its powerful dense crown. It grows relatively slowly.
Moisture-loving and shade-tolerant, tolerates moderate excess moisture, grows best on loamy moist soils. (More about pine) - Western thuja (Thuja occidentalis) - a tree 12–20 m high, rarely a shrub. The crown is pyramidal or ovoid, often descending to the ground. Grows along low-lying river banks, swamps, on moist fertile loams. Winter-hardy, shade-tolerant, but it develops better and is more durable in good light. It has many garden forms that differ in the nature of growth, color and shape of the needles. (More about thuja)
Deciduous trees
- Birch. In the forest landscapes of the Northwest, there are 2 types of birch: drooping (or warty) birch (Betula pendula) - with branches hanging down, and downy birch (Betula pubescens) - with shorter, upward directed branches and white bark even at the base of the trunk. B. fluffy is more adapted to harsh climatic conditions, puts up with high soil moisture, often grows in damp forests, along the outskirts of swamps, and lake shores.
In silver birch, there are decorative forms and varieties with cut leaves, purple color. Very beautiful grafted forms. All birches contribute to the drainage of the site, they draw water from the soil like pumps. (More about birch) - Willow (Salix). All willows are photophilous, grow quickly, need sufficient air and soil moisture, and tolerate shearing well. They have many decorative advantages: bright shoots, beautiful and abundant leaves, various crown shapes. A very interesting group of dwarf and low-growing willows, which are suitable for rock gardens, stony gardens, as small groups just against the background of the lawn or in combination with other low and tall shrubs. For these willows on heavy clays, drainage is required. (More about willow)
- Red maple (Acer rubrum) is one of the few maple species that tolerate excessive moisture and even stagnant water. An ornamental tree up to 20 m high with a large tent-shaped crown. The leaves are three-five-lobed, up to 10 cm long, reddish-green when blooming, dark green above, glabrous, shiny, bluish or whitish below, on red petioles, in autumn they acquire an amazing color: the upper side becomes orange, red or purple, the lower - pinkish-silver.
Shade-tolerant. Unpretentious, but demanding on soil moisture, as well as on air humidity. It has several decorative forms: columnar, spherical, three-lobed, Drummond. (More about maple) - Alder (Alnus) is predominantly moisture-loving, but not particularly durable. Refers to soil-improving rocks. It is of interest for the design of the banks of large reservoirs, in groups in parks with soils moist from close groundwater. The speed of growth and the long preservation of green foliage in autumn are valuable properties of alder. Medvedki do not like alder very much, and its branches are stuck into the ground where this pest is seen. The presence of wild alder indicates the presence of groundwater. Black alder (Alnus glutinosa) has a fairly large variety of species and forms that differ in the shape of the crown and the shape and color of the leaves as completely different plants. (More about alder)
- Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica) is a tall tree up to 25 m tall with openwork spreading crown.
The leaves are very large up to 1.25 m. It is distinguished by a friendly leaf fall and the shortest growing season. Easily propagated by freshly harvested seeds. (More about the nut) - Common bird cherry (Padus avium) is a tree up to 15 m high, growing on fertile soils with excessive flowing moisture, photophilous. In May, it blooms with hanging white racemes, the aroma of which fills all the surroundings. Everyone knows black edible fruits. It has a number of decorative forms: weeping; variegated, with yellow and white-variegated leaves; terry; rosaceous - with pink flowers; as well as yellow-fruited. (More about bird cherry)
Shrubs
- Aronia chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) grows in swamps and lowland forests, sometimes on more drained soils, pebbles of sea coasts. Often called "chokeberry", from which it differs in the shape of the leaves. A deciduous shrub up to 3 m high.The leaves turn bright red-purple in autumn. The flowers are white, rarely pinkish, fragrant, reminiscent of mountain ash.
The fruits are round, black-purple with a bluish bloom, shiny, up to 1 cm, quite juicy, edible, somewhat astringent in taste. Hybrids of aronia chokeberry with mountain ash are very interesting. (More about chokeberry) - Canadian elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) is a fast growing, shade-tolerant ornamental shrub up to 3 meters tall. Grows well on acidic loamy soil with close standing groundwater. It has several decorative forms. (More about elderberry)
- Red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) grows as a shrub or small tree. The flowers are green-yellow, the berries are bright red, the leaves and branches have an unpleasant odor. It is very beautiful during the fruiting period, especially when grown in standard form. More often decorative forms are used (nana, plumosa, tenuifolia, purpurea, flavescens). (More about elderberry)
- Marsh myrtle (Myrica gale) is found in wet meadows and grassy marshes in coastal areas. Upright deciduous shrub up to 1.5 m in height.
Leaves dark, narrow, up to 6 cm long. Blooms before leafing out. Male and female catkins are located on different plants. Mature fruits are hidden among brown scales, like in a cone, up to 1 cm long. - Hydrangea arborescens is a sprawling shrub up to 1.5 m high, greenish or creamy white flowers, collected in corymbose inflorescences, blooms in July-August. In winter, shelter is recommended, but after partial freezing and pruning, it quickly grows back, blooming in the same year. Prefers fertile, moist soils and protected areas. (More about hydrangea)
- Panicled hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata) is a spectacular shrub with rare branching, up to 2 m high, large, cone-shaped, white-pink inflorescences, blooms in July-September. Frost-resistant species, demanding on soil fertility, tolerates shading. It has many varieties of different flowering periods. (More about hydrangea)
- Daphne (wolfberry) deadly (Daphne mezereum). Rarely exceeds 1 m in height. Remarkable for its very early colorful flowering.
The flowers are small, very fragrant, in bunches of 2–5 or solitary, sitting directly on the trunk, lilac-pink or pink-lilac in color. Daphne grows slowly, but is hardy. Decorative form with white flowers (f. alba) grows faster. Grows well in semi-shaded places. At the end of summer, the branches are covered with bright red, and in the Alba form with yellow shiny berries. All parts of the plant are poisonous. (More about Daphne) - White Derain (Cornus alba) is a large sprawling shrub up to 3 m high with raspberry shoots, tolerates flooding, cuts well. It has decorative forms and varieties with bordered leaves. It is better to plant in a lit place to achieve a spectacular foliage color. Good for creating undergrowth, hedges, can be grown in standard form. (More about derain)
- Irga spiky (Amelanchier spicata) - deciduous shrub up to 5 m tall, characterized by rapid growth and winter hardiness, beautiful flowering and abundant fruiting. Easy to cut. In summer, dark green foliage turns bright orange-red in autumn.
(More about irga) - Kalina (Viburnum). Common viburnum (V. opulus), viburnum (V. lantana) and Canadian viburnum (V. lentago) are most often grown, but viburnum Sargent (V. sargentii) is most suitable for waterlogged areas. It is undemanding to the soil, prefers low places with running water. Shade-tolerant, winter-hardy. A good ornamental shrub, especially spectacular at the time of flowering and fruiting, in single and group plantings, along the banks of reservoirs. Withstands frosts down to -30 ° C, prefers sunny places, but also tolerates partial shade. Like common viburnum, a good honey plant has similar healing qualities. It is very beautiful not only during flowering, but also in autumn, when the leaves are painted in bright scarlet tones. (More about viburnum)
- Cotoneaster lucidus (Cotoneaster lucidus) is one of the best shrubs for creating clipped hedges. Decorative and pink flowers, collected in loose corymbose inflorescences, and black shiny fruits that remain on the bushes until late autumn.
(More about cotoneaster) - Wrinkled rose (Rosa rugosa), this species is easily recognizable by its wrinkled leaves. Lilac large non-double flowers open all summer on the shoots of the current year and on last year's shoots. By the end of summer, buds, flowers and ripened fruits can be observed on the bushes. There are white, pink and terry forms. Good in single planting, in groups and in hedges. (More about the rose)
- Fieldfare (Sorbaria sorbifolia) is a shrub up to 3 m tall with rowan-like leaves. Vegetates one of the first, blooms profusely within a month. Easily withstands a haircut. Gives abundant root offspring, forming dense thickets. (More about fieldfare)
- Black currant (Ribes nigrum) has a number of indispensable decorative qualities in addition to the harvest: rapid growth, frost resistance, late leaf fall. Good for border and single plantings. There are varieties with a compact crown, with dark green glossy dense leaves, as well as split-leaved, variegated and marbled forms.
(More about blackcurrant)
Lianas
- Hydrangea petiolaris is a liana up to 20 m high.In the first years after planting, it builds up the root system and the growth is weak, then the shoots grow faster. Blooms in July-August with white flowers. Shade-tolerant, demanding on soil fertility, prefers moist loams. Winter hardiness is average, so shelter from cold winds and frost is required. (More about petiole hydrangea)
- Parthenocissus quinquefolia is a large climbing liana up to 15–20 m, a common plant in moist forests and shrubs on moist rich soils. The leaves are compound, palmate. Grows very fast, shade tolerant. It is very frost-resistant, without shelter it can develop north of St. Petersburg, grows on any soil, tolerates city conditions well. (More on girlish grapes)
- Round-leaved tree plier (Celastrus orbiculata) is an elegant liana with a highly branched crown up to 12 m high. The flowers are inconspicuous greenish, bright yellow fruits remain on the plant all winter.
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