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Craftsman Style Wallpaper | Arts & Crafts Movement

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Home > Arts & Crafts Wallpapers

Friezes

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Additional friezes from our Arts & Crafts II collection

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Arts and Crafts Wallpaper

In an Arts and Crafts home with an abundance of woodwork, a bold scenic frieze acts as a transition from wall to ceiling.

Consequently, the moniker is as all-encompassing as the phrase “classical architecture.” You can’t pinpoint Arts and Crafts to a specific moment in time as you might French Art Nouveau or 1970s silver mylar—it’s a topic that reaches far beyond the usual decade or so typically allotted to a specific style.

In the Beginning

The father of the Arts and Crafts movement, which began in England in 1860, is considered to be William Morris, whose designs for wallpaper, fabric, and carpeting revolutionized interior design, and remain iconic more than a century after his death.

William Morris, the patriarch of the English Arts & Crafts movement, was responsible for many of the enduring patterns that bear his name. Here, his “Marigold,” Arts and Crafts wallpaper, printed in organic colors more befitting an American interior circa 1900, embellishes a room filled with Craftsman-style furnishings.

Morris and his contemporary Charles Locke Eastlake, who published the ubiquitous design tome Hints on Household Taste, sought to reverse the encroaching industrialism they found dehumanizing, and return design of the built environment to a more naturalistic concept. 

Stylistically, Arts and Crafts was a revival of medievalism, and its ornamentation, while appearing fancy to those of us living in the present day, was considered simplified compared to the sinewy overlapping curves and deep carvings of the era’s immensely popular Rococo Revival. Arts and Crafts arose in defiance to this curvilinear style, which was regarded as French in nature—almost as though the perpetual rivalry between England and France had shifted from the battlefield to the drawing room.

Arts and Crafts proponents stressed an honesty of construction and material, meaning that items resembled what they were meant to represent, and assembly methods were evident. For example, a table would be constructed so that the timbers and joints were obvious, and not concealed under an excess of applied carvings shaped like roses, grapes, or animals.

In the case of Arts and Crafts wallpaper, this meant that patterns never misrepresented themselves as low- or high-relief architectural ornament, a concept that flew in the face of French Rococo wallpaper, which typically had large floral sprays and scenes of exotic lands adorned with ruined columns and architraves that were intended to appear as if three dimensional. These papers appeared in bold palettes, too: colors that were bright and jewel-toned in clear, primary hues.

By contrast, Morris’s patterns bore undulating leaves and sprays of flowers, each set deftly into repeat. Together with his colleagues, Morris stylized the botanical motifs and flattened them out; they would never be mistaken for the more sculptural papers that preceded them—the Arts and Crafts design elements showed no trace of relief or artifice. Their palettes were a radical departure as well: The designers softened them by selecting tertiary colors, so that green became olive, red became terracotta, yellow became ochre, and so on. While the occasional blue shows up, at least in English Arts & Crafts, it is far outweighed by the use of greens.

Favorite motifs of Arts & Crafts wallpaper designers, especially the British, were animals in highly stylized renderings.

Technological Breakthroughs

In his pursuit of handcrafted materials, Morris used block printing to produce his wallpapers. In block printing, each color of a design requires that a separate slab of wood be painstakingly carved. For example, there would be one block for the leaves and another for the shading inside the leaves, one for a flower petal and another for the petal’s edges, resulting in easily a dozen or more blocks per pattern. Each block also required careful calibration to align with the others, a process known as registration. As the ink was transferred from the block onto the paper (think of the potato prints you made as a kid in art class), the resultant print offered a rich, textured appearance. Block printing was (and remains) time-consuming both in preparation and production, and therefore expensive.

Designers were mindful of the vertical and horizontal repeats of their patterns, and would often lay out floral patterns in trellised arrangements to create a cozy environment.

But the 19th century was a time of fantastic technological progress. Cast iron foundries allowed members of the middle class to possess intricate metalwork that previously could only be forged by hand, duplicating lathes could create dozens of identical turnings at a time, and wallpaper soon could be churned out by roller printing, which permitted unlimited numbers of different patterns to be produced quickly and in vast quantities. This also allowed designers and manufacturers to change styles at will to suit fashion. Morris himself preferred the integrity of block-printed papers, although eventually, even he machine-printed some patterns as an economic concession.

Mass production reduced the cost of wallpaper to the point where it competed with paint. And unlike paint, which required a wait of several months for plaster to cure, wallpaper could be hung over a freshly plastered wall. Compared to block printing, there was also more consistency to the registration and an evenness to the print, which, depending on one’s point of view, was either desirable or lacked the charm of a handcrafted product. In an ironic twist, Arts & Crafts designs were completely overtaken by the very principles the movement rebelled against—cheap, market-driven goods.

When William Morris died in 1896, a new generation of British designers continued in the Arts and Crafts tradition. Most notable was C.F.A. Voysey, an architect and designer who created a large archive of animal and foliate patterns for fabrics and wallpapers. His designs are playful and often based on fairytales—with cats, birds, and rabbits scampering about—and they are also more stylized and less detailed than Morris’s work, bridging the eras between Victorian and Modernism.

Craftsman Connection

American Arts & Crafts wallpapers often reflected the growing popularity of the emerging Midwestern Prairie School of architecture and the Japanese influences of the West Coast.

If you’re wondering what William Morris has to do with your own bungalow, America’s Mission or Craftsman style drew much of its inspiration from the English Arts and Crafts movement’s reduction of ornament and the “flattening out” of elements.

Led by Gustav Stickley, who was famous for his simple, straightforward furniture designs, this approach translated to wallpaper with patterns evolved from naturalistic elements that incorporated geometrics and stripes in their vocabulary. The palettes of these wallcoverings were even more organic and simplified than those of their earlier English cousins; brown, greens, and golds were pervasive, with simple flashes of brighter accent colors on occasion.

While the first generation of English Arts and Crafts was more “Victorian” in feel, the second generation, concurrent to the American Craftsman style, could be more Art Nouveau in appearance. The same applied to American Arts and Crafts wallpapers, but these also revealed the robust influences of the Prairie School and the works of Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Sullivan. At this time, Americans were beginning to develop their own design vocabulary that drew from Native American and Western motifs.

The 1910s witnessed the waning of ceiling papers, but American Arts and Crafts papers were, and are, offered in complete roomsets of fill, frieze, and ceiling paper.

One of the features that became popular in the late 19th century was the use of an embellishing element called a frieze or border. These could range from simple, 3″-wide strips to massive bands that were architectural in appearance and exceeded 2′ in height. They were usually placed at the upper extreme of a wall, but also could be used to frame a section of wall fill, or around door and window casing.

Popular motifs for friezes were forest scenes, seaside vistas, and repeating patterns of flowers or leaves that were highly stylized and linked with geometric ornament. In addition to adding visual interest to a room, the use of borders also helped anchor the wall to the ceiling and was compatible with the thick, dark oak timbering found in new Craftsman-style homes.

It’s important to note that while the Craftsman style was indeed on the cusp of 20th-century Modernism, it continued to have one foot firmly planted in the 19th century. And nowhere did the love of ornament survive more than on the walls of bungalows and Mission-style homes.

Author Dan Cooper owns Cooper’s Cottage Lace, which specializes in Arts and Crafts designs.

For a directory of designers and dealers of Arts and Crafts wallpaper, see the Products & Services Directory.

Tags: arts & crafts Dan Cooper Douglas Kesiter OHJ February/March 2011 Old-House Journal wallpaper william morris

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    Related search: 90,000 Pre-Raphaelites. "Arts and crafts"

    The Arts and Crafts movement laid the foundations of modernity. In this part, we will talk about its founder, William Morris, and repeat the main thing about the Pre-Raphaelites.

    This is part of the interactive lessons prepared by the Level One educational platform in collaboration with the largest Russian experts.

    Another 500 lessons in 15 areas, from history and architecture to health and cooking at levelvan.ru/plus

    see all lessons

    Author of the lesson

    Alina Aksyonova

    Art historian, guide and lecturer at the Pushkin Museum im. Pushkin 2010-2019, author of the book “Art History. Just about the important”

    1. Philip Webb, William Morris. Red House, 1859
    2-3. Interior of the Red House, 1859
    4-6. Stained glass from the Tristan and Isolde series, 1862
    7. Holy Grail tapestry, 1890
    8-9. Textile, 1870s–1880s
    10. Screen, 1885–1910

    Let's talk about the "second wave" of the Pre-Raphaelites - and first of all about William Morris. He was at the forefront of the influential Arts & Crafts movement (Arts & Crafts).

    That's how Morris came to this 👇

    🏰 I was also fascinated by medieval aesthetics . Morris read the legends of Arthur, loved handwritten books and miniatures, studied the art of the Middle Ages. From there, he took the idea of ​​​​hand-made items, as opposed to the "soulless" factory production that flourished in 19century in the UK.

    🏠 Designed Red House with architect Philip Webb. The house of 1859 was built in the late medieval aesthetics as opposed to the faceless urban development. Furniture, wallpapers, fabrics, decor - everything was made by hand. This gave rise to the firm "Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co." which included artists who shared the ideas of Morris.

    🪑 Founded Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. (subsequently renamed Morris & Co.). The company manually produced stained glass, carpets, tiles, and furniture using medieval technologies. Wallpaper was especially popular: in Victorian houses, even the walls had to look decent and covered. The aesthetics of the Middle Ages were not copied blindly, but something new was created based on the motives.

    🚪 He tried to change the life of his contemporaries . English houses of that time were filled with Chinese vases, hung with skins and weapons - the owners liked to emphasize prosperity and colonial grandeur. Morris valued beauty and taste more - and wanted expensive designer things in the houses.

    🌱 Stood at the origins of the Arts and Crafts movement . In 1888, adherents of the ideas of Morris held the "Exhibition of the Society of Arts and Crafts", which gave the movement its name. "Arts and Crafts" laid the foundations of Art Nouveau. Ideas of aesthetics and functionality influenced early 20th century architectural trends and industrial design.

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    Kelmscott Press, founded by William Morris .

    1. Type sample
    2. The Story of the Glittering Valley, 1894
    3. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, 1896

    Wallpaper by Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co.

    1. Mikhail Nesterov. Works of St. Sergius of Radonezh, triptych, 1897
    2. Elena Polenova. Serpent, ok. 1895-1899

    In this lesson, we studied Pre-Raphaelites. Let's recap what we've learned.

    👨‍🎨 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood is a community of young artists, sculptors and poets, among which 9 stood out0468 John Everett Mills, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt. They were not satisfied with the official academic art - ceremonial portraits and the absence of historical painting.

    🏰 Pre-Raphaelites - literally "before Raphael", that is, before the High Renaissance . Artists sought inspiration from the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance with its vibrant colors.

    🎨 The main themes of creativity: religion, literature, history.

    🔸 Religion . Biblical scenes were not accepted in English painting, and among the Pre-Raphaelites they are also non-canonical: the saints look like ordinary people, we see many realistic details.

    🔸 Literature . The main sources of inspiration are Shakespeare and chivalric romances, especially the legends of King Arthur. Rossetti also appreciated Dante, finding in his tragic love for Beatrice intersections with his own destiny: Rossetti's wife, artist and model Elizabeth Siddal, died at a young age.

    🔸 History of . They used scenes not only from the Middle Ages, but also from later periods. Many stories raise topical issues about work, social inequality, and the position of women in society.

    2️⃣ "Second Wave" Pre-Raphaelites. In 1853 the Brotherhood broke up. The artists William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones met Rossetti - they were inspired by the ideas of the Pre-Raphaelites and formed the “second wave”.

    🔸 Arts and Crafts . Morris contrasted hand-made items with an author's approach, as in the Middle Ages, to mass production. This is how Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co., and later the Arts and Crafts movement, came into being. The company manually produced stained glass, carpets, tiles, furniture, wallpaper.

    🖼 Influence . Many masters of the 19th and 20th centuries felt the influence of the Pre-Raphaelites - in Russia they were Mikhail Nesterov, Elena Polenova. The Pre-Raphaelites of the “second wave” laid the foundations for Art Nouveau and industrial design.

    In this lesson, we got acquainted with the work of the Pre-Raphaelites.

    Learn more