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Front porches ideas uk


Porch Ideas: Designs That Will Elevate Your Home's Entrance

(Image credit: Ollie Hammick)

Porch ideas come in all shapes and sizes, but what they have in common is helping to frame the entrance to your home, creating a sense of depth to a flat-faced house, as well as providing some protection from the elements. 

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While a simple open porch might help you stay dry while trying to open your front door, and enclosed porch extension can provide an 'airlock' to help prevent mud and dirt from being tracked into your home. 

Whether you're searching for porch ideas for a self build project as part of your external design, or are looking to add or replace a porch while renovating a house, there are plenty of designs available that can really enhance your home's kerb appeal.  

Take a look at our gallery of porch examples and how each could benefit your build or renovation. 

(MORE: Thinking about replacing your front door at the same time? Get a quote from one of our partners )

1. This Enclosed Porch Idea Shelters you From the Elements

(Image credit: Anglican Home Improvements)

This traditional-style porch from Anglican Home Improvements , with its tiled gable roof, is a great example of an enclosed porch. 

Where hallway space is limited, an enclosed porch like this acts almost like a small extension, where muddy boots and wet outerwear can be shed and stored. Including plenty of glazing in the design ensures the spaces beyond are not dark and gloomy. 

2. Create a Wind Shield for Your Porch on an Exposed Elevation 

(Image credit: Oak Designs Co)

While an open, roofed porch may be able to protect your front door from the rain, wind is a different story. This porch by Oak Designs Co features glazing on one side to protect the door from the wind, meaning you're less likely to get blown about when entering the house, but also saving your door furniture from rattling in strong gusts or the door blowing open.  

(MORE: Front Door Ideas to Set the Right Tone for Your Home)

3. Oak Frame Porches Aren't Only for Oak Frame Houses 

(Image credit: Border Oak)

Even those without an oak frame home can benefit from the warmth and character that a timber framed porch can add to a house. 

This design, from Border Oak , is self-supporting, like all their oak frame porches, meaning it stands against the house as opposed to being structurally integrated. 

Kits are prefabricated off site, ready to be assembled by your builder or even on a DIY basis. 

4. Create a Simple Overhang Porch 

(Image credit: Urban Front)

A simple overhang can be visually stunning. This design, seen with a striking textured bronze pivot door from Urban Front , has been planted on top with a green roof — a brilliant porch idea to steal.

Consider incorporating porch lighting ideas within your canopy (integrated spotlights work well) and security cameras. 

(Image credit: Ion Glass)

This jaw-dropping porch idea is from Ion Glass . The structural glass porch has been added to a heritage barn conversion, proving that traditional buildings can really benefit from a striking contemporary addition such as this. 

Fully frameless glass has been used in order not to detract from the traditional characteristics of the barn, whilst the steeply sloping roof of the porch follows the same line as the original barn roof.

(MORE: Love This Idea? Check out our Glass Box Extension Ideas)

6. Extend Your Porch Into a Useful Veranda

(Image credit: Border Oak/Jeremy Phillips)

A full-width porch, or veranda, is a staple design feature of many New England-style houses, but is also a practical and beautiful addition to any country home.

The veranda is definitely one porch idea worth considering, providing protection from the elements along with a practical space in which to store logs and house Wellies and boot racks.

A veranda can also provide the perfect spot to sit and watch the sun set (or rise), so include some kind of seating too.  

This oak framed veranda was designed by Border Oak . 

7. Use Glazing to Create a Sympathetic Porch for an Older Property 

(Image credit: IQ Glass)

Proving that owners of listed buildings need not give up on porch ideas that might be less than traditional in their appearance, this glazed porch from IQ Glass has been added to a Grade II listed building as part of its renovation. 

The design has not only extended the internal space, but the glazing also ticks all the boxes from a conservation point of view, in that it allows the original brick exterior to show through and clearly delineates the old from the new. 

(Image credit: Dan Welldon)

This imposing porch feels completely in proportion with the grand scale of this home, renovated by XUL Architecture . However, where the depth of the porch could have lead to a dark spot, also affecting the light in the hallway via the door fanlights, rooflights have been integrated into the porch, to ensure it's well-served with natural light.  

9. Use Structural Columns for a Grand Porch Idea

(Image credit: Haddonstone)

Those after porch ideas for a Georgian-style properties should most certainly be considering stone as a material for the structure. 

This design, made from cast stone, by Haddonstone , frames the grand entrance to this historic renovation project perfectly. 

Ensure the style of the columns and portico match the era of the house you working on. 

10. Go Minimalist With a Built-in Porch Idea

(Image credit: Urban Front)

As part of the overall design of this contemporary home, the porch has been incorporated into the façade. 

This has resulted in a generous covered space that really draws the eye towards the front door — an oversized iroko design from Urban Front . 

An front door that is built into the overall form of a house helps to create a seamless, unfussy design. 

11. Add Depth to a Flat House with a Canopy Porch

(Image credit: Border Oak)

Some new houses can suffer from a distinct lack of depth and appear a little 2D. Adding even a simple canopy-style porch can really elevate the exterior, injecting character and individuality. 

This small oak-framed canopy, from Border Oak , features characterful clay roof tiles to tie in with the main house — its dainty proportions ensure no light is blocked from the internal entrance beyond. 

12. Try a Timber Porch Kit

(Image credit: The English Porch Co.)

This elegant timber porch is from The English Porch Company . 

This particular design, The Ascot, can be specified to extend right the way across the front of a house, and can also be designed to incorporate glazing and a front door.

The porch is supplied in kit form, and it is estimated that it should take a competent DIYer around a day and a half to install, with a little assistance in areas. 

You get to choose sizes, the type of wood used and play around with the design until you are completely happy. 

13. Create a Reception Space with a Large Porch

(Image credit: Oak Designs Co)

When a porch gets to a certain size, you may consider it more of an extension than a porch, but it acts in the same way, framing the entrance to your home and providing extra usable space.  

This large glazed porch extension from Oak Designs Co offers a reception space to the house, including space to park a pram. 

14. This Porch Idea Retains Access to the Garden 

(Image credit: Ollie Hammick)

This small porch extension created by Brosh Architects creates a boot room for storage of shoes and coats, while retaining access to the garden with a front and rear door. 

The small porch uses exposed brick for the walls and floors in its interior, creating the feeling that it is somehow still external to the house, acting as a reception for muddy shoes before entering the main house. 

(MORE: A Gallery of the Best Small House Extension Ideas)

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Natasha is Homebuilding & Renovating’s Associate Editor and has been a member of the team for over two decades. An experienced journalist and renovation expert, she has written for a number of homes titles. She has renovated a terrace and is at the end of the DIY renovation and extension of her Edwardian cottage. She is now looking for her next project.

21 ways to create a smart, welcoming home |

(Image credit: Susie Novak / Tim D Coy - Margaret Ash Design / Noah Webb - Lucie Ayers)

Use these front porch ideas to turn yours into an extension of your home, a place to relax in during the hot summer months and a haven of style and comfort. 

Whether your porch is of the classic rocking-chair variety, it's small and highlights your front door, or it's a large wraparound-style that spans the front and sides of your home, there are design tips and tricks that can enhance your space. 

The porch has a fond following in most countries – Dutch settlers called it the ‘stoop’ and the Spanish named theirs ‘portals’. 

They epitomize indoor/outdoor living wherever you reside, and often have nostalgic roots in the past, as they were seen as a social hub to catch up with neighbors on the local news.  

Today, front porches are used for all types of relaxing and entertaining, be it a shared evening drink, a solitary morning coffee, or for welcoming Trick-or-Treaters on Halloween and carolers in the winter. They can also make a perfect extension of your front yard landscaping ideas, an elegant place to wine and dine your friends and families at the weekend.

Front porch ideas

Of course, your front porch is also a major style feature of your home's exterior, too, and should reflect your taste as well as the season. 

Below we have curated some beautiful front porch ideas and designs to inspire your style, you can use them to inspire your back porch ideas, too. 

1. Plant up flower beds

(Image credit: Susie Novak)

First impressions are everything, so make sure your front porch decor – and front door ideas – are the best they can be. 

If your front yard walkway is spacious enough, your entrance should be bursting with fragrant flowers, beautiful flower bed ideas and verdant front yard landscaping, as this home by Susie Novak Interiors shows.  

It's a beautiful way to establish the boundary of a walkway. What's more, these flower bed ideas will continue to offer color and structure throughout the seasons as the various plants take their turn in the spotlight.

2. Install a place to unwind 

(Image credit: Future)

Before designing the décor for your front porch, consider how you’d like to use the space. A larger porch area can be used as an extra sitting room; a peaceful sanctuary for enjoying your front yard in spring and summer, or as as ‘quiet' zone for contemplation. 

Here, a swing seat allows you to take in the verdant surrounding. When decorating for seasonal seating, pick a palette of blue and white, reminiscent of coastal landscapes. Decorating with blue and white décor is timeless, elegant, and one of the most classic interior design combinations of all-time.

3. Direct eye level with fragrant hanging baskets

(Image credit: Future)

Hanging basket ideas are a brilliant way to bring joyful color and interest into your front porch during the warmer months. They also add impact to small areas like narrow balcony gardens and courtyard gardens, allowing you to max up your growing space. There are options for sunny or shady spots too, so it doesn’t matter what the aspect of your front porch is as there will be something to suit.

Planting up a hanging basket is an easy, enjoyable job for a spring or early summer day. In a few weeks’ time it will transform into a boule of tumbling foliage and flowers, and then remain a mass of cheering colour throughout summer. Adding foliage plants such as compact carex, silver-leaved artemisia or purple sage, and incorporating flowers in striking colours like burgundy or orange are two simple updates. Single blooms are also good – they not only look more contemporary but will provide for wildlife, too.

Once you’ve planted it up you can ensure your basket looks good for months by deadheading and watering regularly: never let it dry out

4. Paint your front door

(Image credit: Tim D Coy / Margaret Ash Design & Home)

Contemplating front door color ideas for a door refresh? From timeless favorites to more contemporary shades, there’s a wealth of inspiring spring hues to consider.  You can even paint your door according to Feng Shui front door color principles, too.

Muted shades like this blue are a perfect partner to traditional homes, too, ensuring the front door is attention-grabbing but sympathetic to the architecture, as demonstrated in this space by Margaret Ash Design .

5. Spell it out

(Image credit: Arterberry Cooke)

For a stately look that complements both traditional and modern-farmhouse exteriors, spell out your address beneath the roof of your front porch. It's a practical, but unexpected way to share your house number, and adds a touch of formality to your front porch design. 

6. Choose a welcoming color scheme

(Image credit: Serena & Lily)

If you believe in color psychology, then your porch paint ideas will play a big part in how you and your guests feel when you walk through your front door. Bright, warm colors like pink and yellow can have an uplifting effect. 

While you might not want to paint your entire home or porch a bold shade, a pop of paint or a colorful cushion can do a long way in setting a happy scene.  

'When it comes to choosing the right color for your home, it’s important that you ensure the shade is harmonious with your exterior,' says James Greenwood of Graham & Brown . 'However, if you feel like experimenting and being a little bold, I love a pop of color like Ellie, a pale pink, or the happiest of all, Tuscan Sunshine, a warm yellow.'

7. Zone your front porch for a multi-purpose space

(Image credit: Jane Beiles)

Get the most out of this prime outdoor space by dividing your porch into different zones. Above, interiors photographer Jane Beiles created separate spaces for relaxing and dining with intentional furniture arrangements. 

Each area is further delineated with the use of outdoor rugs, front porch lighting ideas, planters, and a wall mirror.

8. Lay a herringbone floor

(Image credit: Rejuvenation)

There's a lot we love about this front porch, like the Kelly green front door paint, the taupe trim against the white exterior, and the simple, season-less greenery in the planters.  

But the scene-stealing design element of this front porch has to be the floor. The herringbone pattern adds a sophisticated touch to the rough-hewn brick, creating an elegant-but-inviting front entryway. It almost goes without saying, but a brick front porch earns high marks for practicality, too, since it's low-maintenance and virtually weatherproof. 

(Image credit: Oliver Gordon/Future)

It’s important to ensure the porch you choose is sympathetic to your property, particularly if your home is close to other houses. 

Typically, this will involve using the same materials, although contrasts can work well in some cases. A wood porch set against stone walls with an aged flagstone floor can be a magical addition to a country farmhouse, for example. 

Always bear in mind that the porch roof should reflect the style of that on the house, with a visual break between the porch ridge and the first-floor windowsill. 

Thatched roofs can also look charming when scaled down to porch size.  

10. Choose the right front porch materials

(Image credit: Original BTC)

The materials required to build your porch depend on the design and how well you want to match the construction of your property. 

While enclosed designs tend to require brick or stonework, the most common materials for open porches include wood, steel and aluminum, with the former preferred for traditional, Victorian, farmhouse, and rustic country styles. 

‘Cedar looks great for contemporary porches, while green oak is a nice fit for traditional designs,’ says David Sutton, owner and designer at The English Porch Company . ‘A strong wood with a high moisture content, green oak will develop cracks as it shrinks and dries to a silvery shade – all part of the charm. If you’re opting for a painted finish, a pre-treated softwood is adequate.’

11. Add character with a porch

(Image credit: Future)

If you live in a builder's spec home or a neighborhood full of houses that look alike, a porch is a great way to add character to your home.  

Attention to detail on the posts, brackets and sides can make for a unique finish, while incorporating architectural features is a clever way of ensuring a stylish porch that’s consistent with the look of a period property. 

For example, porches or porticos with classical-style architrave and columns are particularly associated with Georgian houses. 

Think about color, too. Brightly painted front doors will work well with a complimentary shade on your porch structure or a natural finish. 

Finally, flooring. Traditional floor tiles that are suitable for exterior use can be run from the porch across the threshold and into the hallway without any worry of damage by 
the cold weather.

12. Enhance your Victorian porch

(Image credit: Farrow & Ball)

If you’re lucky enough to have a traditional Victorian-style porch complete with intricate gables, keep it in top condition with regular painting.

‘Your front door and surround is the perfect introduction to what lies beyond, consider elements such as the vernacular of the build and a palette that has empathy with the architecture,' says Patrick O’Donnell, Farrow & Ball Brand Ambassador.

'If you're wondering how to decorate a front porch, one option is to carry the same front door color up and over the porch and other exterior wood elements for continuity – creating the simplest of decoration – this is also a great way to add scale to smaller doors. 

'Alternatively, work with colors that share the same undertone or several shades lighter or darker than one another – this again will create a considered look that is timeless and attractive.’ 

13. Create a visual path

(Image credit: Walls and Floors)

If you live in a Tuscan or Spanish-style home, use tile to emphasize your front porch. These beautiful stone tiles perfectly lead you up the path to this handsome porch and bold pink front door. They are inspired by the Sampietrini pavement found in the inspiring city streets of Italy and are made from thick porcelain, so they will be hard-wearing for years to come. 

14. In the detail

(Image credit: Thames Valley Window Company)

This is a good example of cottage porch ideas with traditional detailing, as the white gable addition frames the front and adds an aesthetic appeal. Keeping it white ties it in well with the white windows and door frame. Placing terracotta pots full of pretty blooms in front will add some bold color and extra interest. 

15. Use intricate ironwork

(Image credit: Farrow & Ball)

This delightfully traditional English porch has stunning intricate metalwork that is breathtakingly beautiful. Painted in classic black, the detailing stands out against the white paintwork perfectly and the symmetrical design aspect is replicated within the porch area by the two bay trees and planters with the result being a very stylish view.

16. Have a seat 

(Image credit: Garden Trading )

Porch sizes and styles vary greatly. They can be a stunning affair wooden columns and plenty of room for seating, or they can be simple yet still beautiful like this front door with slight gable detailing and a small front porch area. Thanks to a pretty paint color, it still looks grand and stylish, and who wouldn’t like a lovely metal bench to sit on outside? 

17.

Create a room with a view 

(Image credit: Lagoon)

One of the main differences between British and American porches is the size. This porch nestled in the countryside is an extension of the home.

Taking inspiration from backyard deck ideas, the timber frame visually links the porch to the solid wood dining table and the green chairs are the perfect shade that ties in with the stunning greens in the view. 

18. Make it two tone

(Image credit: Benjamin Moore)

‘The outside of our homes are often the poor relation to our interior decorating,' says Helen Shaw, director at Benjamin Moore .  

'Maintaining and refreshing your exterior masonry and woodwork not only protects the surfaces but it is a fantastic way of creating an impression, particularly if you embrace color.

'Although the go-to paint is often a white or off white, choosing a bolder color is a great way of creating a feature, especially if you have beautiful doors or windows in your property. ' 

For a unique look, great for porch ceiling ideas, why not paint the porch ceiling a bright, bold shade, guaranteed to establish an impact but keeping the color slightly concealed from the outside.

19. Opt for a country style look 

(Image credit: Stone & Ceramic Warehouse)

Create your own porch with a country element by using tongue and groove paneling, Lloyd Loom chairs and metal occasional furniture. The patterned tiles add a decorative element that creates a charming feel whilst being a key focal point to the overall scheme. Co-ordinate the tiles on your porch with your kitchen floor tile ideas to seamlessly blend your indoor and outdoor spaces.

(Image credit: Neptune)

The beauty of a porch is that you really can create a relaxing, additional outdoor living room. Adding stylish and practical furniture is key – there’s nothing nicer than sitting on a comfy couch with your legs tucked up under you with a cup of coffee and a favorite book.  

If your space allows, then do consider a couch and coffee table – the rattan adds the most perfect texture to this wooden porch and you can set the scene by adding pots around them for color. Find inspiration in our guide to the best outdoor furniture or best Adirondack chairs.

21. Decorate with fresh greens and crisp whites

(Image credit: Little Greene)

Choosing an accent color to highlight certain key areas works really well when designing front porch ideas for the entrance to your home. 

The bold green shade in the yard above looks great on the back wall and creates the ideal backdrop. The paler shade on the patterned cushions is a clever garden decor idea that adds a decorative aspect to the sofa, or you could ground a scheme by adding one of the best outdoor rugs in your chosen accent color. Crisp white and green has always been a classic combination that’s fresh and stylish. 

22. Incorporate outside dining 

(Image credit: M. Elle Design)

Designed by Marie Carson of M.Elle Design , this stunning porch oozes sophisticated style and comfort. A true extension of the interior, the neutral furniture looks fabulous on this cherry wood style decking. 

‘Porches remind us of a calmer, slower paced lifestyle,' says Marie. 'There is a romanticism about rocking in a chair watching the world go by. Make sure you have comfortable seating space and add planters and greenery.'

23. Combine styles

(Image credit: Jamie Haller)

‘A good Craftsman porch is a mix of the traditional and eclectic. Storied, warm, and inviting are words I associate with a welcoming front porch,' says Jamie Haller, Interior Designer at Jamie Haller .  'I like to bring the indoors out on a Craftsman porch, which is usually well covered.'

'An antique rug layered under traditional Adirondack chairs, fashioned with overstuffed pillows instead of outdoor cushions. A vintage marble side table is unexpected and used between them offering an inspiring place to put your glass. A drop leaf early century dinner table becomes an impromptu outdoor dining spot or a daytime work alternative.'

Much like the plants you would consider for patio ideas or balcony gardens, Jamie recommends using potted plants, or looking to the foliage around you, for some natural front porch decor: 'Using native flowers and branches cut from the tree act as a natural art in the space. Olive bushes are my favorite potted plant and offer moments of witness to the breeze. A porch should be a place of gathering and always offer a moment of escape.'

24. For small front porches, choose light colors

(Image credit: Little Greene)

Emphasizing the architectural details of a smaller porch with a crisp white shade works wonderfully, especially if you have features such as corbels, stonework and stucco. You can add interest to the space by choosing a different color for the door. A fresh blue or blush pink will brighten up a grey, urban street. 

Genevieve Hurley , an interior designer who works in both London and Ireland, suggests painting the immediate surround of the door in the same shade. 'Visually it makes the door look wider,' she reveals.

25. Consider architectural features

(Image credit: Nikki Rees)

The structural design of your porch may not be easily adaptable, but consider smaller changes. Speak to your architect about adding columns, railings or newel posts. 

'If you have the ability to add a window to a covered porch area, then do so. It will provide much-needed light,' explains Nikki Rees. 

Californian-based interior designer, Denise Maloney recommends adding wider, decorative columns in place of existing posts. 'It may sound counterintuitive, but it really does help elongate the space and give your eyes somewhere to land,' she says. 

What is a front porch? 

A front porch in England is very different to one in the US. British porches were more popular during the Victorian era and although smaller than their US counterparts, were beautiful and rather intricate affairs often with delicate looking ironwork decorating gables.  

As well as indicating the main entrance of the house, they were designed to protect you from the inclement weather and more often that not where found on larger houses in wealthier areas. 

These days, in the UK, they are less decorative and more practical – that place where you pop your coats and wellies after a long walk in the country and are often enclosed. 

However, in the US, the front porch originates from the early 1900s and is more of an extension, an open room attached to the front of the house, for example. A front porch is very much part of neighborly socialization in small towns where people would visit their friends sitting on their front porches in the evenings. 

What are the different types of porches? 

There are several different types of porch as they cover a wide range of descriptions – balcony, sun porch and patio. 

Large and with a roof, they are found at the front or back the house and are seen as an essential outdoor living space, some are screened in – due to insects and extreme weather - and essentially they provide shade and a place to relax in during the hot summer months.  

A ‘farmer’s’ porch is quite common and it is attached to a farmhouse-style home. It has a roof and railings and is the width of the entire house, making it large enough to accommodate family gatherings. Farmhouse-style front porch ideas often include furniture that can work both inside and out – a true extension of the interior. 

How can I make a front porch look nice? 

As a front porch is an extension of your home, it’s important to decorate it so it feels like a room in your house, like you are simply stepping into another area in your home. 

There are so many front porch ideas to choose from,  but furniture is key and good comfy chairs are an essential part of the design. You can opt for outdoor styles that are made from wicker or choose classic wooden designs that will last for years. Don’t forget to keep an eye out at antique fairs, unique pieces add character to a scheme whether it’s for inside or out.  

If the weather allows, add rugs layered up for a cosy feel during the cooler months or, if you are after a colder feel underfoot opt for tiles, they can also add a decorative and colorful feel to your porch.  

Hanging baskets and potted plants will look great, you can tie in the colours so they match cushions or paintwork and why not frame your front door with a pair bay trees – a classic design choice. 

Another great idea is to change your accessories seasonally, you could source bright cushions and throws for the summer months and swap them out for more muted fall tones when the seasons change, it will also prevent you from becoming bored with your look! 

Create a welcoming glow with outdoor lighting ideas such as hanging wrought iron pendants overhead or placing candle lanterns on your steps so you can enjoy a cosy atmosphere after the sun goes down. Festoon lights and other outdoor string lighting ideas are another fabulous option and they can be strung up along the inner wall and ceiling for special occasions like Halloween, Thanksgiving and New Year. 

Do you need planning permissions for a porch? 

Whether or not you'll need planning permission, permits, or a land survey before adding a front porch will depend on the city in which you live, since each locality will have different guidelines and regulations.

In the US, you'll generally need a permit for any work that alters your home's exterior footprint, porches included.  However, if you're planning to add a roof to, or enclose an existing porch, you'll likely be able to skip the permits. It's a good idea to check with your city's planning and zoning commission before starting any work.

In the UK, a front porch can usually be built without planning permission, provided that it does not exceed a maximum area or height, and does not restrict a sidewalk or highway. Again, check with your local planning department, particularly if your property is listed or in a historical conservation area. 

Steph Hendries is a freelance journalist who has contributed to many different interiors websites including Homes & Gardens, Ideal Home and Livingetc. She has also worked on a range of social content for property brands such as Zoopla and Boomin. Steph writes for Homes & Gardens Solved section, concentrating on DIY, how to, cleaning and organizing content.

With contributions from

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international relations

Marina Gleb

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It should be emphasized that back in the early 1870s. Imperialism was generally perceived negatively by British society, as an aggressive policy, and was identified with the adventuristic foreign policy of Emperor Napoleon III of France. The attitude of the British to their own colonial possessions in the middle of the XIX century. was ambiguous. Almost undividedly in power in the 1840-1860s. liberal cabinets formed their colonial policy on the basis of the doctrines of non-intervention and free trade (free trade). According to the calculations of liberal economists, England could gain much more from unrestricted trade with all the countries of the world than from focusing on the meager colonial markets. The position of world industrial leader gave much more advantages than the position of the leading colonialist. “I am inclined to think that, with the exception of Australia, there is not a single possession of the Crown, which, when calculating the cost of military needs and patronage, did not turn out to be unprofitable for the inhabitants of this country,” said during a speech in Birmingham on 29October 1858, one of the leaders of the liberals, J. Bright [1].

However, in the middle of the XIX century. the number of dependent possessions of Great Britain (also called Crown colonies) in Asia, Africa and the Pacific region increased. The continuation of expansion during this period was due and justified mainly by considerations of the strategic plan, primarily by the need to establish British control on all routes to British India and its defense. It should be noted that this process ran counter to the official doctrine of the liberals, who proclaimed that the government did not intend to further expand the zone of British responsibility in underdeveloped countries, which placed a heavy burden on the budget of the metropolis. Trade with the British colonies in the middle of the 19th century, as practice showed, was no longer worth supporting them in dependence, paying the costs of administration and defense. "England already has a lot of black subjects" - this was the opinion with which most of the British society agreed in the middle of the 19th century. [2]

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In dealing with the resettlement colonies - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Cape Colony and Natal in South Africa - the liberals chose the path of least resistance. Mindful of the lessons taught to the mother country by the United States of America, the British authorities in the 1850-1860s. granted the colonists the right to self-government, self-defense, and an independent economic policy. In fact, the settler colonies achieved autonomy within the empire. Their achievement of complete independence seemed to the politicians of England a very real prospect. As the leader of the Whig party, Lord J. Russell, stated in 1850, “if ever they (the colonies. - M. G.) wish to secede from this country, we will be ready to listen to their request and agree with their desires, no matter which way they have not chosen" [4]. nine0010

In the middle of the XIX century. The future of the system of colonial possessions in Great Britain was presented to contemporaries in a progressive spirit, as an increase in the degree of political and economic independence of the colonies, up to their obtaining the right to create their own government. The same model, but in a much more distant perspective, was to be applied in the Crown colonies.

Thus, the main intention of the liberal imperial idea was that Great Britain was not interested in having a colonial empire. In the middle of the XIX century. there was an actual disappearance of colonial possessions from the system of political values, from the content of party slogans. Even the debates on granting Canada a constitution that took place in the British Parliament in 1867 went almost unnoticed by British society, and the country's leading politicians were perceived as a step towards liberating Great Britain from imperial hardships [5]. Undoubtedly, liberal politicians did not seek to destroy the imperial system, but rather to modernize it. In particular, this is demonstrated by the views of the leader of the Liberal Party and one of the most authoritative statesmen of Great Britain in the mid-19th century. W. Gladstone. The politician was a supporter of the Greek model of colonization and considered its main element to be cultural, spiritual, and not formal ties between the metropolis and the colonists [6]. In his opinion, the political and economic independence of the migrant colonies would make it possible to tie them to Great Britain much more strongly than the British garrisons. The gradual adoption by the colonies of British state institutions and the economic system would inevitably lead to an increase in the desire for complete independence. nine0010

However, contrary to the calculations of the liberals, in the 1850s-1860s. self-governing colonies did not want immediate secession at all. Moreover, sparsely populated and underdeveloped Canada, Australia (divided into six provinces) and New Zealand continued to insist on constant assistance from the mother country. At the same time, opposition to the colonial policy of the liberal cabinets began to grow in Great Britain itself.

Renewal of the idea of ​​empire in the last third of the 19th century. was associated mainly with the activities of the Conservative Party of Great Britain. In the general election of 1874, the Conservatives countered the liberal orientation towards active social reform with the slogans of stability, moderate reforms, and the preservation of traditional British institutions, among which the empire began to appear for the first time. The leader of the Conservative Party, B. Disraeli, during his election speech in Manchester on April 3, 1872, emphasized that by voting for the Conservative Party, British voters support "the British constitution and the British Empire" [7]. Disraeli also effectively accused the liberals of deliberately betraying the national interest. "In my opinion, not a single minister in the government of this country will be able to fulfill his duty if he does not use every opportunity to revive, as far as possible, our colonial empire," the leader of the conservatives said in his election speeches [8]. As means that could save the empire from destruction at the moment, Disraeli proposed an economic and military alliance between the mother country and the colonies, as well as the establishment of a representative body in the mother country, which included delegates from the colonies. However, none of these consolidationist projects was implemented or even developed during the period of the conservative cabinet. The government actively followed the expansionist direction of colonial policy, unleashing in the late 1870s. wars in Afghanistan and South Africa. nine0010

Conservative politics in 1874-1880s. demonstrated that for B. Disraeli and his supporters the most important characteristic of the imperial state was military power. During the Eastern crisis of 1875-1878. in order to demonstrate the determination and capabilities of Great Britain in counteracting Russian strategic interests in the Balkans, the British Cabinet decided to transfer a military contingent to about. Malta. The new moment was that the contingent was delivered from the colony - British India - and in an unprecedentedly short time. As the authoritative British newspaper The Times noted, the British government "unexpectedly for Britain and for all of Europe opened up a new source of power in the form of the British Empire, a source that had never before been taken into account" [9]. Thus, the British Empire for the first time acted as a factor providing many strategic advantages for British foreign policy.

Mid-1870s the beginning of the official use of the term "British Empire" was laid. After a heated debate in both houses of parliament, Queen Victoria (1837-1901) of Great Britain received the right to be called the "Empress of India". This title was intended to symbolize the new policy of the metropolis in relation to the colonial possessions, primarily India. As Queen Victoria herself wrote, the title of Empress of India will indicate "the privileges that will be granted to the inhabitants of India, who have become equal with the rest of the subjects of the British Crown, and the prosperity that will follow the spread of civilization in the country" [10]. nine0010

Conservative imperial rhetoric, expansionism and a departure from laissez faire were new phenomena in England in the second half of the 19th century. Both the active rejection of the expansionist colonial policy by the liberal opposition and the emergence of numerous adherents of the new course led the British elite to pay closer attention to imperial issues. The empire begins to attract the attention of scientists and intellectuals, to appear in the speeches of politicians and public figures of the country. Active work was carried out by the Colonial Society (later - the Royal Colonial Institute), founded in 1868 and whose goal was to spread the imperial idea in society. Soon after the death of B. Disraeli, his adherents organized the Snowdrop League, which promoted the imperial concepts of the leader of the conservative party and attracted representatives of all social groups to its ranks. nine0010

There were changes in the understanding of the very term "imperialism". In his address to the Edinburgh Philosophical Society in 1878, the well-known conservative politician Lord Carnarvon developed the idea of ​​British imperialism as a unique phenomenon, distinct from continental, foreign imperialism. British imperialism, in his opinion, was initially constructive and aimed at achieving optimal relations between the British and the inhabitants of the colonies, the political and economic development of dependent states, the improvement of living conditions, the fight against disease and hunger in native countries [11]. The main theme of Lord Carnarvon's speech was the theme of service, civilizing activity in the colonies as the main imperative of the imperial mission of Great Britain, which is a characteristic feature of the British imperial idea. nine0010

In the last decades of the XIX century. the number of scientific and theoretical works devoted to the consideration of various problems of the imperial plan increased sharply. Analyzing the works of imperial ideologists and thinkers, the speeches of the British political elite and press materials, one can single out the main blocks of problems of the present and future of the empire that worried contemporaries. These included, first of all, the directions of economic policy in the colonies, the state structure of territories dependent on England, imperial defense and territorial expansion, as well as the possibility of cultural adaptation of colonial societies to Western models. Thus, it seems possible to single out the economic, political and cultural aspects of the imperial idea. It should also be noted that due to the complex composition of the empire, which included societies at various levels of socio-economic and political development, different approaches were taken to solving the problems of self-governing, resettlement colonies and the colonies of the Crown, completely dependent on Great Britain. nine0010

Already during the period of the Conservative Cabinet of 1874-1880s. in the history of England, new trends developed that forced a revision of the main directions of economic policy within the empire and the very doctrine of free trade. Crisis phenomena in the country's economy, a depression that lasted for two decades, from 1873 to 1896, the ousting of Great Britain from the position of economic leader and hegemon of world markets - all this had a significant impact on the development of the imperial idea.

It should be noted that British society readily accepted the idea that the problems in the development of industry and trade in Great Britain were caused precisely by the competition of foreign powers. The young, dynamic, and protected economic systems of Germany and the United States allowed these countries not only to overcome dependence on British goods, but also to compete with it in foreign markets, and even in Britain's own colonies. As a result, Germany was primarily blamed for the reduction in British trade. Thus, in the report of a special parliamentary commission to investigate the causes of the economic depression, which worked in the mid-1880s, it was noted: "In every part of the globe, the presence and activity of German entrepreneurs is increasingly felt" [12]. The commission came to disappointing conclusions - the Germans were rapidly and irrevocably pushing the British out of the traditional markets. In this situation, the empire became the best means of helping British entrepreneurship and "retribution" to its rivals. nine0010

The economic priority of imperial relations was first given in the program formed by conservative politicians and public figures in 1881, the Fair Trade League. The founders of the League declared the need to change the free trade regime in general and to overcome the European orientation of British trade in particular. The League's program also proposed a new economic policy for the entire empire. The compilers of the program believed that, unlike goods from foreign countries, products from the colonies should have been admitted to Great Britain duty-free. In addition, the program emphasized the need to stimulate the economic development of self-governing colonies by providing an influx of capital, skilled labor and assistance in the development of industry [13]. Thus, the empire was to form a single economic space, within which free trade was maintained, and the borders were protected by high customs duties. nine0010

Imperial protectionism guaranteed stable markets, albeit less rich than those of Europe. In the last decades of the XIX century. liberal hopes of creating a free common market on a global scale were gradually replaced by the idea of ​​turning the British Empire into an economically self-sufficient community. This idea was expressed most clearly by the mouthpiece of government opinion, The Times, which argued that the British Empire was "so vast and so self-sufficient" that it could easily "surround itself with a barrier of moderate tariffs" [14]. nine0010

The idea of ​​an imperial economic union rallied a significant number of British entrepreneurs and farmers and found support among the country's conservative elite. At the same time, the proposal to introduce protectionist barriers on the borders of the empire met with strong opposition from the liberal party and did not find support among the British inhabitants. For the latter, protectionism primarily meant raising the prices of essential foodstuffs. As a result, in the 1880-1890s. the idea of ​​an imperial economic union remained at the stage of discussion among economists and politicians, mainly took place in the form of pamphlets and brochures, occasionally spilled onto the pages of newspapers and magazines. Even the conservative party did not dare to build its election campaigns on the slogan of protectionism, which, nevertheless, caused its split and weakening at the beginning of the 20th century. nine0010

In the last decades of the XIX century. British colonial possessions in Asia and Africa are beginning to be perceived as one of the most important means that could overcome the economic difficulties of the mother country. During this period, England, like other industrialized countries, actually discovered the limitless possibilities and prospects laid down in these countries. Almost regardless of the real usefulness of the British possessions in the Asian and African colonies, significant hopes were pinned on this part of the empire. Such views were clearly expressed by the Times columnist: "Whatever the commercial and economic value of Central Africa, we cannot, with so many vigorous competitors, relinquish ownership of any country that can present a new field for commercial enterprises" [15]. Moreover, from the beginning0s in the speeches of many representatives of the political elite, primarily an influential politician and minister of the colonies in 1895-1902. J. Chamberlain, imperial policy and the expansion of the empire began to be associated with the solution of not only economic, but also social problems in England, outlining the contours of social imperialism. In order to ease social tension in the United Kingdom, the supporters of this ideological movement considered it necessary to "take possession of new lands to accommodate the excess population, to acquire new areas for the sale of goods produced in factories and mines" [16]. Thus, in the theoretical constructions of the last decades of the 19th century, in the imperial idea, the future of the economic development of Great Britain for the first time begins to be closely associated with the colonial periphery. nine0010

In the 1890s both colonial expansion of Great Britain and public interest in it reach a high level. From 1870 to 1900, the territory of the empire increased by almost 4 million square meters. km. The expansion of the British Empire during this period took place in various directions. In southern Africa, the administration of the British colonies continued to attack the lands of the native tribes and the Dutch settlers - the Boers, trying to secure control over one of the most important routes to India. In the north, Egypt and later Sudan fell under the protectorate of Great Britain. The efforts of the British colonialists in Africa were aimed at the implementation of a grandiose project - the creation of a single chain of British possessions and communications from the Cape Colony in the south to Cairo in the north. nine0010

Gradually came under the authority of Great Britain and the territories adjacent to British India. In the last decades of the XIX century. the British put Burma under their control and continued to advance into the countries of Southeast Asia. It should be noted that many Asian countries, primarily Afghanistan and Iran, during this period became the actual semi-colonies of Great Britain. Expansion continued in the Pacific region, where the mother country was actively supported by Australia and New Zealand.

However, in the 1880s. Great Britain for the first time faces the growing competition of European states in the struggle for unoccupied parts of the world. So, France and Germany, Belgium and Portugal entered the "scramble for Africa". In 1891, the Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party, Lord Salisbury, outlined his vision of the new situation: “When I left the Foreign Office in 1880, no one thought about Africa. When I returned to the Ministry in 1885, the European nations were practically on the brink of conflict over the various parts of Africa they could get" [17]. In this situation, the views of supporters of non-intervention and the concept of "Little England", who advocated the restriction of the territory of the empire and the cessation of annexations, are increasingly criticized. nine0010

Jingoist sentiments, the origin of which dates back to the end of the 1870s, were fully manifested in the country. The term "jingo" in the last third of the XIX century. called supporters of tough diplomacy and forceful solutions to any conflicts. So, during the Eastern crisis of 1875-1878. jingos fully supported the anti-Russian course of the British government. Over time, jingoism became an expression of extreme nationalism, English and, with the passage of time, imperial "patriotism". Outbursts of such militant moods became more and more frequent in 1880-189.0s, when part of British society first began to welcome expansion for the sake of expansion, regardless of the expected profit or existing obstacles. "The world is limited in its size, and if you lose part of it by missing existing opportunities, you will never get it back," the British jingos believed [18]. Thus, in the last decades of the XIX century. in Great Britain, as well as in the whole world, there was a certain reassessment of political ideals, when the greatest weight was given to the state by the number of armed forces and the vastness of the controlled territories. nine0010

At the same time, the increase in the number of dependent territories increased the number of problems associated with determining the paths for their further political development. It should be noted that in this matter the British colonial administrators of the 19th century. relied more on their own experience than on theoretical models. As a result, various political systems were represented on the territory of the British Empire - from traditional to continental European.

A new moment in the British imperial idea in 1880-1890s There was a broad discussion of the problem of imperial federation, which most often meant the political unification of Great Britain and the self-governing colonies. In the middle of the XIX century. society was gradually accustomed to the idea that the British colonies developed along a natural path - towards the inevitable separation from the "mother country". However, such views turned out to be irrelevant in the 1870s, when unification processes became a pan-European trend, and the empire began to be perceived as the state of the future. Strengthening the political unity of the empire while maintaining all the rights of practically independent resettlement colonies and the position of Great Britain as the undisputed leader was on the agenda. nine0010

The most important factor that had a significant impact on the spread of federalist ideas in the last decades of the 19th century was the Irish question. The struggle of the Irish against the economic and political power of Great Britain over their country intensified during this period and took place in various forms - from boycotts to terrorist attacks. Representatives of the Conservative Party and many adherents of the liberal movement advocated the preservation of the union of England and Ireland. They saw the demands of the Irish nationalists as a threat to the integrity of the British Empire. According to the statement of the leader of the Conservatives, Lord Salisbury, British politicians had to demonstrate the presence of the "imperial instinct", forgetting about which, one could lose not only Ireland, "but also the larger and much more expensive pearls in the crown of this country" [19].

If the problem of an imperial economic union was developed mainly by conservative politicians, then the idea of ​​an imperial federation became the domain of the liberals, who in 1884 founded the League of Imperial Federation. Its leader was Lord Rosebery, an authoritative politician and head of a group of liberal-imperialists who actively advocated the wide use of the potential of the empire and the expansion of its borders. The very appearance of this group in the liberal party became a symbol of the time when a variety of political and social forces rallied around the idea of ​​empire. nine0010

Members of the League of Imperial Federation, politicians and public figures of England and the colonies developed numerous projects of imperial unification. The very appearance of these projects symbolized a new approach to the empire as a whole, to "an organism that has the potential for development and expansion" [20]. Nevertheless, the main issue remained debatable - the formation of a single representative body, in which all the self-governing states of the empire would participate. nine0010

Popularization of the idea of ​​imperial federation was facilitated by real successes - the holding in 1886 in London of a colonial exhibition and a conference of supporters of the League of Imperial Federation with a very representative composition. It was thanks to the active work of the executive committee of the League that the holding of the first colonial conference in 1887 became possible. The first colonial conference was immediately assessed by contemporaries as an epoch-making event. For the first time in the history of the empire, the authorities of the metropolis gathered representatives of the colony in order to find out their opinion on various problems of an all-imperial and local scale. During the conference, the role of the resettlement colonies as potential allies of Great Britain in case of war was emphasized. As a result, already in 1889d. at a meeting of the members of the League of Imperial Federation, Lord Rosebery solemnly declared that the colonial conference itself was the realization of imperial federation [21].

During the 1880s-1890s. Three colonial conferences were held, which became the optimal form of cooperation between the self-governing states of the empire, which continued to exist in the 20th century. Thus, the development of the idea of ​​imperial federation in the last third of the XIX century. led to the formation of a new system of political relations within the British Empire and made it possible to overcome the threat of disintegration. The position of a reliable and loyal ally of the metropolis was assigned to the self-governing colonies. nine0010

The result of the development of the crown colonies, as noted above, was the formation of a system of political institutions on the British model. Ideas about the superiority of the English nation, about its mission to bring the benefits of civilization to the "backward" peoples of the world were generally accepted in the second half of the 19th century. The British were proud to live in a country with the most perfect political institutions. Lord Salisbury declared: "Where there is English power and English influence, peace and order are restored, prosperity and wealth increase, and therefore the prospect of establishing British rule is welcomed by people of every race and every faith" [22]. According to the British, Asians and Africans were not able to independently advance their countries along the path of state progress. The intervention of the British in the internal affairs of the states of Asia and Africa was often justified, primarily in the eyes of public opinion and the world community, by the desire to eradicate the shortcomings of their political system. The process of conquest of Sudan at the end of 1890s was carefully covered by the future leader of the Conservative Party, W. Churchill, in one of his early works, based on his own observations. The young writer argued that "wild peoples, ignorant of their barbarism" make a big mistake, resisting the efforts of "philanthropic invaders" [23].

The idea that the real vocation of the British is to spread the achievements of Western civilization throughout the world was developed by many imperial ideologists. Lord Rosebery called the British Empire "the greatest secular agency for the dissemination of good that the world has ever seen" [24]. Strengthened in 1890s propaganda of the idea of ​​a civilizing mission fell on fertile ground. On the one hand, a certain reaction gradually grew in British society against the one-sided pragmatic approach to the problems of the empire, characteristic of the middle of the century. On the other hand, changes in the political map of Europe and the growth of nationalism on the continent directed ideological searches for new problems - the study of the national and racial differences of the British, the definition of those virtues, thanks to which the English nation will be able to maintain its dominant position in the changed world. At the same time, as the power of the British Empire expanded into the native territories, caused primarily by considerations of an economic and strategic nature, the desire to explain the expansion by reasons of a humanistic nature also increased. The altruism of the British government was proved by the stereotypical argument about the existence of a sense of national responsibility for the well-being of all backward peoples, certain imperial duties [25]. nine0010

In the 1890s the idea of ​​empire begins to have a very significant impact on British culture. Many British writers, primarily R. Kipling, R. Haggard, G. Henty, turned to the theme of empire and formed a new image of a literary hero, an enterprising and courageous Briton whose field of activity was the colonies. Romanticism of a colonial work in the 1890s represented an alternative to both the realism of the social novel and the pessimism of the works of the British decadents. In the popular novels, the mission has changed from a burdensome duty to a kind of exotic adventure. Expressed in this way, the imperial idea represented for people who lived in the by no means romantic realities of an industrialized and urbanized society, a kind of "overcompensation". The glorification of the "heroes" and "builders" of the empire, the propaganda of colonial romance appealed to the feelings of the inhabitants of the metropolis, increased the degree of ownership, and contributed to the development of imperial patriotism. nine0010

Moreover, in the 1890s. the church, the education system, and the press were connected to the propaganda of the idea of ​​empire. "God is on the side of the expansion of the British Empire" - such a statement provided the highest sanction for the implementation of any colonial policy convenient for the state [26]. Schools formed a new type of worldview, which was to be dominated by patriotism, pride in the empire and the Anglo-Saxon race. The idea of ​​empire became the basis for the formation of the philosophy of history. The leading and most authoritative periodicals of Great Britain - The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Spectator - took the position of supporters of the conservative line in the conduct of foreign and imperial policy. In addition, 1890s were marked by the emergence and wide distribution of periodicals, obviously focused on the consideration of imperial events and problems. In this way, the imperial idea was consciously communicated to the masses, for the first time in a century, and on a scale virtually unparalleled in British history.

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. imperialism became the dominant ideology of Great Britain. However, as a result of the development of various aspects of the imperial idea, the very understanding of this term has changed. At the beginning of the twentieth century. imperialism for the British began to mean, on the one hand, the expansion of the British Empire in order to protect the economic interests of Great Britain, and on the other hand, the unification of self-governing colonies in order to create a single economic and legal space, a defense system and communications. England once again confirmed its choice in favor of the empire, a choice that had a significant impact on the world history of modern times. nine0010

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