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The history of the kitchen: how the status and appearance of the room has changed from the 19th century to the present day

Over the course of several centuries, the kitchen has changed not only its appearance, but also its role - now they not only cook here, but also communicate, receive guests, and sometimes even work.

Anastasia Romashkevich

July 15, 2021

The history of the modern kitchen began long before the first furniture set with built-in appliances was born. For most of history, people, regardless of their status, cooked over an open fire. Only the environment differed. In rich houses, a separate kitchen was adapted for this; usually it was located somewhere in the basement, it was stuffy and hot. Well, the poor usually cooked in the same place where they did everything else - they ate, slept, and so on. The first plates appeared only in the XIX century. They had to be heated with wood and coal and cleaned of soot - hard and dirty work.

The kitchen of Ramese Castle in Canada, 1705.

Where there is fire, there is ice - the question of preserving the freshness of food was raised long before the invention of refrigerators. For this, ice was harvested in large blocks, and then spent as needed. But this did not cancel the daily trips to the store or to the market to replenish the supply of food. The ability to hide the smell of "spiky" meat was included in the list of basic skills of the housewives of those years.

An old kitchen in an English mansion.

The kitchen in former times was considered the domain of women, whose social status was low - they did not have even half of the rights that men had. But in the middle of the 19th century, the world began to change rapidly. The Industrial Revolution began, the urban population grew, women increasingly worked not only at home, but also in factories, and some of them joined the women's movement, which demanded voting rights and the opportunity to receive an education.

Kitchen with stove connected to a propane tank, 1925.

The situation in the kitchen also gradually began to change. And the driving force behind this process was, of course, women. In 1943 Catharina Esther Beecher (the sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe, who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin) published Domestic Economy, and in 1869 she reprinted her bestseller The American Woman's Home. In this book, Beecher promoted a "model kitchen" modeled after a ship's galleys: divided into functional areas, with hanging shelves, organized storage, and large work surfaces.

A kitchen with a gas stove that allows the mother to cook and look after the baby. Exhibition of modern houses Daily Herald. London, 1946

But the real breakthrough in kitchen furniture design came at the beginning of the 20th century. Today we know that in order to properly design a kitchen, you need to properly calculate everything. The kitchen is the most rational room in the house, but it was not always so. Once upon a time, kitchen furniture was freestanding: tables, sideboards, cabinets were placed around the room in random order, with little thought about how this affects cooking. The kitchen interiors of those years looked picturesque, but the housewives wound whole kilometers there and fell down in the evening.

Christine Frederic, an American, was one of the first to decide to investigate the effectiveness of various household items and the kitchen in general. She, for example, came up with the idea of ​​counting how many steps a woman takes while cooking. It was Frederic who first suggested making all work surfaces at the same height.

Frankfurt cuisine.

lovedaylemon@flickr, Stuttgarter Gesellschaft fuer Kunst und Denkmalpflege, Christos Vittoratos

Lillian Moller Gilbreth also loved experiments: she filmed the cooking process on camera, and then analyzed these recordings to optimize the process. The result of these works was, for example, the rule of a circular route (it is also the rule of a triangle). Gilbreth invented a trash can with a pedal, introduced a table on wheels and shelves on the refrigerator door into kitchen use, and also suggested designing kitchen furniture individually, according to the height of the hostess. But in a world of standardization and mass production, this was hardly possible.

The so-called Frankfurt kitchen, designed by Margarethe Schütte-Lihotzky when she designed apartment interiors for German workers, is considered to be the prototype of modern kitchen sets. This furniture was compact, built-in and typical. It was on this path that the industry went: by the end of the sixties, standards for the dimensions of kitchen cabinets appeared in Europe. Today, when choosing furniture for the kitchen, we are dealing with a designer and assemble our set from ready-made modules. Or, if for some reason the frames set by furniture factories do not suit us, we make custom-made furniture (as Gilbreth bequeathed), but at the same time we are still forced to build on the accepted dimensional grid, because not only furniture is attached to it, but also built-in appliances.

Most modern kitchen appliances appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, and became widespread towards the middle of the century, when the middle class grew, and manufacturers were able to reduce their costs and offer prices affordable to the majority. The kitchen at that time remained a women's diocese - this is eloquently demonstrated by advertising posters from the middle of the century - but now it was not the servant (after the two world wars, this profession practically disappeared), but the mistress of the house, who demanded devices that made her life easier.

Some appliances have been with us for almost a hundred years. For example, the first mass-produced refrigerator, developed by General Electric, appeared in 1927. And dishwashers have come a long way in decades before they settled in our kitchens. Attempts to design such a unit were made as early as the 19th century, the first home model with an electric motor was proposed by Miele in 1929, but even in the 1950s it was an elite appliance for families with high incomes. Widespread popularity came to dishwashers only in 1970s.

In 1927, General Electric developed the first all-steel refrigerator with a hermetically sealed compressor mounted in a round block on top.

In 1955, the Italian brand Faber began to mass-produce kitchen hoods - and it was a real revolution. A selfless housewife could keep work surfaces in perfect order, scrub the kitchen floor three times a day, and wash the dishes endlessly. But she was unable to cope with the steam, splashes of grease and smells. Only technology solved this problem - and it also contributed to the popularity of open-plan interiors.

Actually, open floor plan is not a new idea. One of its first adherents was Frank Lloyd Wright (he, however, called it organic). Wright designed the houses so that the spaces flowed into each other, but moving the kitchen into the living room was out of the question. In Europe and America, this happened only in the second half of the twentieth century. A combination of reasons worked: housing became smaller and multifunctional spaces were needed, the rules of etiquette changed (it was previously unthinkable to meet guests in the kitchen), and women increasingly demanded freedom from kitchen slavery. So the hoods arrived just in time.

Frank Lloyd Wright kitchen design to be auctioned in Boston

Norman Likes Arizona kitchen designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Photo: Heritage Auctions.

Modern cuisine has a very different status than a hundred years ago. Here now they not only cook, but also communicate, receive guests, sometimes even work - the kitchen island can, if necessary, turn into a desktop. And this greatly affects the design of kitchen furniture - functionality should not interfere with aesthetics. The farther away, the less kitchen furniture resembles traditional sets: a row of cabinets below, a row of cabinets above. Designers design furniture for this room in such a way as to integrate it into the living space. The cooking area can be completely hidden behind the doors of the wardrobe. The kitchen island allows the whole company to cook and communicate at the same time, and if you add a countertop assembly to it, you get a great dining table. Some brands produce storage systems that are equally suitable for both the kitchen and the living area. For kitchen aprons choose spectacular and elegant materials. Parquet is laid on the floor.

Apartment with art objects designed by Ilya and Svetlana Khomyakov. Photo: Sergey Ananiev. Stylist: Natalia Onufreychuk.

New trends have also touched on isolated kitchens - even if they are in a separate room, they also more and more resemble a full-fledged living space. They are not hidden in the far corner of the apartment, but placed as close as possible to the dining room and living room. Usually - through a wide doorway with glass and often sliding doors. It turns out an interior-transformer, convenient both for receiving guests and for everyday life (for example, when parents cook in the kitchen and at the same time look after the children in the living room).

Kitchens are changing not only from the outside. Furniture manufacturers are constantly improving their content and coming up with storage systems so that the right things are closer and take up less space.

Colorful apartment in Kyiv, 76 m². Photo: Alexander Kondriyanenko.

But the most important thing is that our attitude to the kitchen is changing. Cooking is perceived less as a dreary chore and more as a creative process. And now you won’t surprise anyone with a man at the stove either.

Rhythmic interior of an apartment on Vasilevsky Island, 70 m². Photo: Anton Ivanov. Stylist: Anna Koroleva.

Photo: Anton Ivanov. Stylist: Anna Koroleva

Photo: Getty Images; press service archive

TagsInteriorKitchensHistory

modern ideas + 30 photos

On the eve of the most comfortable and long-awaited by many holiday - New Year 2022 - we want to touch on the topic of new kitchen trends 2022!

It is no secret that in most families it is the kitchen space is perceived as a home, a center in which all household members gather. Of course, comfort is very important here! Therefore, kitchens which will be relevant in 2022 should not lose this quality. Comfort plus the most functional, modern, aesthetic design – here is the formula for success!

Kitchen 2021-2022 - a design in which you will not see the hackneyed templates. Improvisations, unexpected combinations of fashionable shades, a new reading classics - everything here is carefully thought out and rather concise. Ideal for modern man with an active rhythm of life is not it?

Secrets of creation and The hottest kitchen trends 2021-2022 will be revealed in detail below. Enjoy reading!

Kitchens 2021-2022: what will be fashionable?

Kitchen trends 2022 are so varied that one thing, it will be difficult to single out the main thing in them. Difficulties in choosing adds a wide range of modern furniture, appliances, decor. Most the right decision is to choose a style “for yourself”. The one in which the kitchen will be like you the most, and reflect your worldview and inspiration. In order to orient you in the difficult fashion world of interior design, We will still single out a few edgy trends.

For those who love minimalism

Trendy kitchens 2022 for those who prefer minimalistic solutions are:

- glossy lacquered fronts of the kitchen white headset;

Countertop Cedar 111/1 White

- simplicity of form.

Such solutions will give space not only modernity, but also make it visually wider, freer.

If the design of the space in a single white color annoys you a little and makes you want to dilute with something else, support a fashionable image of the kitchen will help the insertion of wood - natural or material, well imitating it. This will make the space "warmer".

Top Cedar 9022/S Whitewashed oak

Don't want to use wood? As alternatives are perfect muted basic shades - beige, gray, graphite black.

Countertop Cedar 8227/PT Black Sahara

Such neutral solutions for kitchen fronts headset is very beneficial. Because if you want to change the interior in in the future, they will perfectly fit into any other color schemes. To update it will be enough just to change the color of the walls and pick up other decorative details.

For retro fans

Another kitchen trend 2022 proves what is new is the well-forgotten old. If you are a fan of tradition and elegance solutions, look at the style of the 50s, 60s. Here, against the backdrop of expressive walls will look appropriate kitchens with celadon azure cabinets. Certainly, the technique must be chosen corresponding to such retro aesthetics. Benefit modern manufacturers provide this opportunity by releasing atypical retro models that perform all the functions characteristic of the technology of our time.

Countertop Cedar 5013/S Platinum

Also in such kitchens will look great headsets with facades made of dark wood or materials imitating it. IN as fittings, metal handles look especially good on them. A marble effect countertops will satisfy even the most demanding natures.

Countertop Cedar 3030/TI Black Markv Marble

If the kitchen is small, but natural lighting there is not enough in it (the windows face the north or west side), it is better choose light-colored facades - white or beige.

Countertop Cedar 8050/soft Sandy Marble

Pro kitchen furniture 2022 – new trends

Smooth surface like satin, no handles – this is how the facade of the kitchen set looks, 100% corresponding to the fashion of 2022. But this is not their only advantage. Also, such facades at times facilitate cleaning process, because they are easy to clean.

Countertop Cedar 2347/soft Blanco Marble

Fashionable kitchens 2022 is a design that suggests that kitchen cabinets will be placed along the entire length of the wall and, as a rule, appliances embedded in them. Open shelves that can be beautifully placed glass or porcelain products are a great option for visual relief such a design.

Two-color cabinets that have begun to use a special popular in trendy kitchens 2021, will continue this trend in 2022 and not will come out of the list of must-have techniques of modern designers. What colors will they combine? It's better if they are contrast solutions. For example, the classic duet of white and black or non-trivial green and blue. And if you dilute them with a kitchen apron with trim “marble-like” or “concrete-like” and a “wood-like” countertop, it will turn out very unusual and topical!

Countertop Cedar 4136/M Wood stripe

Kitchen island - another piece of furniture, which include modern kitchens 2022, if it allows space. This is not only a functional solution that allows you to increase work surface or the number of storage spaces, but also practical - an island allows you to hide the mess that sometimes reigns on the countertop of the headset from the eyes of guests in the dining/living area.

Countertop Cedar 3072/TI White granite

Materials to create a kitchen 2022: new trends and photo examples

Looking at kitchens 2021-2022, new trends, It is safe to say that design is becoming more and more popular every year. exciting! The choice of materials surprises and delights! Consider the most popular solutions:

1) Glass

of this material in sliding doors. Glass slider doors will be great look when choosing any modern style - from minimalism to neoclassicists. The differences lie in the type of glass used and the nature of the deglazing.

2) Marble or its high-quality imitations

We are talking about the design of the working area - kitchen apron and countertops. Marble has firmly entered the TOP of the most popular materials for kitchens, let's not be afraid of this word, decades! And in In 2022, only an increase in its popularity is expected. Operation space marble expands - floor, walls. In one room can be used immediately several of its varieties.

Top Cedar 920/1 Milanese marble

3) Others natural stones (granite, onyx) or their high-quality imitations

The main advantages of these materials is a high level of practicality, wear resistance. Also fine suitable for kitchen aprons and countertops.

Countertop Cedar 713/1 Black Granite

4) Mirror

Namely, mirror tiles with toning. This the material began to be found in the design of kitchens relatively recently, moreover, most often, it is in luxury interiors in the Art Deco style. The atmosphere is here very cocktail, almost bar.

Top Cedar 4031/TI Calacatta

5) Glazed tile

Kitchen 2021-2022 whose interior design suggests that it is the geometric layout of such a tile, which is also often found in references from modern designers. The styling can be vertical, horizontal or parquet. Distinctive features glazed tiles is that it is more elongated, glossy and has a small bulges around the perimeter.

Countertop Cedar 1012/Cr White ceramic

6) Ceramic tiles that imitate brickwork

If you plan to create a loft-style kitchen, then this tile will come in handy.

Countertop Cedar 4137/M Vintage brown

7) Choice of the same or identical material for the design of the worktop and kitchen backsplash

So, the kitchen set will look like most harmoniously and holistically.

Countertop Cedar 2384/S Greek marble

8) Wood or its quality imitations

wooden textures in the design of the kitchen are also very relevant. They will fill the space of a modern kitchen with "live" energy. However, materials that will be used with a tree or its imitations in a duet, can affect how the space will be perceived. For example, an addition in the form metal details will make the atmosphere more strict and elegant. And glass is more refined, light and airy.

Countertop Cedar 2238/S Breccia light

Black

Modern ideas, modern design - all this is replete with great variety and wide scope for imagination. Granite, marble, wood of various species, their high-quality imitations, addition of brass or copper elements, glass, stone, concrete, tiles with a variety of ornaments - the number of possible options are limitless.

Contemporary kitchen design with photo: 2021-2022 – modern styles

Stylish kitchens of 2022 – what are they? Consider the main directions and their characteristic features.

Loft

This style is original, naturalness and is very popular with those who love experiments.

Photo from the source: inmyroom.ru

Countertop Cedar 811/1 Metallic

To characteristic techniques used by designers to implement it include:

- unhidden ceiling beams;

- rough wall finish or bare masonry bricks;

- Exposed wires, pipes and other communications;

- the predominance of materials such as metal, wood, glass, stone;

- furniture with an unusual design;

- original decorative parts;

- modern appliances;

- predominantly brown, black, white shades in the color palette.

Neoclassical

Modern reading of the classics is very popular, because they look like kitchens are truly luxurious and innovative.

Photo source: covethouse.eu

Countertop Cedar 111/1 White

all this splendor in life, adhere to the following rules:

- think over the lighting system well - the light should be as much as possible;

- use warm shades in the palette;

- in the center of the ceiling, place a large glass or crystal chandelier;

- use a lot of silk, cotton textiles or linen - curtains, tulle, napkins, tablecloths;

- order furniture, the design of which requires many curves and rounded outlines;

- choose gold or silver for finishing;

- install, if possible, built-in appliances, leave a minimum in sight;

- do not save money - the classic does not like this.

Scandinavian style

Scandi does not lose its popularity now several seasons, and 2022 will be no exception. This is a great solution for owners of small kitchen spaces, as everything is concise here, functionally, and the predominance of light shades helps to visually expand space.

Photo from the source: thedesignwalker.tumblr.com

Countertop Cedar 1210/Br diamond white

The main characteristics of the style include:

- practicality and simplicity in everything;

- predominance of white and other light shades;

- installation of the minimum amount of furniture;

- built-in appliances;

- the presence of decor in very small quantities or its complete absence;

- large window openings covered with laconic blinds or roller blinds;

- built-in lighting fixtures or acting and performing an accent role

Provence

For fans of French chic Provence is dream kitchen 2022!

Photo from the source: randigarrettdesign.com

Top Cedar 2349/Pt Bernini Marble

Their distinguishing features:

- the space design palette consists of pastel soft colors;

- predominance of vintage, floral motifs;

- main finishing materials - brick, wood and ceramics;

- textiles, mosaics, lamps - characteristic decorative details;

- built-in appliances or models in retro design.

Hi-tech

Kitchen 2022 designed in high-tech style, is also found among the references of modern designers often.

Photo from the source: 3ddd.ru

Countertop Cedar 2384/S Greek marble

Help to create the necessary atmosphere:

- innovative household appliances - stove, refrigerator, microwave oven, food processor, etc. It is important that all household items techniques harmonized with each other, combined in color and material;

- shiny surfaces;

- solidity of structures;

- predominance of glass, metal, plastic;

- absence of wooden elements and decor;

- straight lines;

- well thought out lighting system - in high-tech kitchens should have a lot of light - both natural and artificial.

Modern

Modern kitchens 2022 designed by modern style, characterized by maximum functionality, conciseness and practicality.

Photo from source: static.tildacdn.com

Top Cedar 232/S Niagara Oak

What characterizes them?

- severity of lines;

- use of contrasting colors in the palette registration;

- wooden furniture fitted with glass details and metal;

- built-in appliances;

- luminaires built into the ceiling or furniture;

- both glossy and matt are acceptable surfaces.

Vintage

Vintage style kitchen interior design 2022 Suitable for those who love antiques. This style makes the interior as elegant, warm and cozy.

Photo from the source: salon.ru

Countertop Cedar 7053/FL* Taxus

The following details will help in its creation:

- indoor plants - give space cheerfulness and freshness. Tropical vines look very beautiful. appropriate also decorative cereals, herbs, etc.;

- calm, unobtrusive design palette - beige, cream, light gray shades for walls, floors, and furniture;

- vintage decor;

- vintage style appliances;

- artificially aged furniture;

- the presence of such useful things as a shelf for spices and preserves in the original design.

Such a kitchen contributes to a peaceful pastime. It's nice to be nostalgic here.

Country

Kitchen trends 2021-2022 also include country style. This is the epitome of ingenuous charm!

Photo source: planete-deco. fr

Countertop Cedar 5016/Pt Black Detroit

To make rustic style that meets all the trends and requirements of 2022, should take into account such points as:0003

- thoughtful arrangement of the work surface, appliances and kitchen island;

- recycled wood furniture, textured which implies the visibility of all imperfections, which endows the space special charm. In preference - dark shades;

- a combination of elements made of wood with bright decorative details;

- kitchen island or accent wall - details that will give the design uniqueness;

- use of such materials, artificial stone, ceramics.

Fashion kitchen colors 2022

Considering kitchen design 2022, new trends, It is impossible not to pay attention to such a factor as the color of the kitchen 2022.

Every year Pantone Color Institute chooses the color of the year, which will become coming season. So, in the kitchens of 2021, two trendy colors have become fashionable at once - yellow and gray, and in 2022 - the lilac shade of the periwinkle flower.

Photo source: pinterest.ru Photo source: designwiki.ru

Countertop Cedar 4904K-52 Desert springs

Photo from source: pinterest.ru Photo from source: akuhnja.com

Countertop Cedar 1052/1A Andromeda black

In addition, other bright colors will burst into the top: dark green, red and pink.

Photo from the source: lesh-84.ru

Countertop Cedar 3028/S White marquina marble

Photo from the source: salon.ru

Countertop Cedar 5141/Mn Luna

Photo from the source: kitchenstudioofnaples.com

Countertop Cedar 5002/K-52 Tornado

Photo from the source: pinterest.ru

Countertop Cedar 9756/SD Dark Flaxstaff Oak

Photo source: livingetc.com

Countertop Cedar 5021/S Metallic

Photo source: decoraideas.com soothe by combining with more neutral colors. Also next season maintain their popularity in shades that refer us to nature, white and beige.

Photo source: homesandgardens.com

Countertop Cedar 737/1 White granite

Photo source: decorilla. com

Top Cedar 2349/Pt Bernini Marble

Kitchens 2022: new trends in design, photo novelties of current color schemes

If list the most relevant color combinations in the fashion of kitchens 2022, then they become:

1) Beige + brown;

Photo source: lushhome.com

Countertop Cedar 1010/TI White

Photo source: backsplash.com

Countertop Cedar 8233/S Onyx Persian

2) White + blue;

Photo from the source: pinterest.ru

Countertop Cedar 2348/soft Lombardy

Photo from the source: decoraideas.com

Countertop Cedar 1010/TI White

Photo from the source: hackrea.com

Countertop Cedar 5018/PT Freestyle

3 ) White + pink;

Countertop Cedar 5142/Mn White Moon

Countertop Cedar 3063/1 Basalt

4) White + turquoise;

Top Cedar 1010/TI White

5) Gray + white;

Countertop Cedar 3031/Q Gray Marble

Countertop Cedar 1010/TI White

6) Pastel combinations;

Countertop Cedar 3072/TI White granite

Top Cedar 1010/TI White

7) Wood + white;

Top Cedar 8215/12D Bourbon Pine

8) White with gray accents;

Countertop Cedar 1010/TI White

Countertop Cedar 3072/TI White granite

9) Black + white;

Countertop Cedar 5141/Mn Luna

Countertop Cedar 1010/TI White

10) Coffee + grey;

Countertop Cedar 3025/Q Black marble

Photo from source: 5270/FL Classic oak

11) Gray in many shades with white and white accents;

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